Editing Reconquista (section)

====Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1249)====
{{Main|Portugal in the Reconquista}}
[[File:GeraldoGeraldesSemPavor.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Statue of Geraldo Geraldes Sem Pavor or [[Gerald the Fearless]]. A Portuguese folk hero with the head of a Moor]]

In 1139, after an overwhelming victory in the [[Battle of Ourique]] against the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]], [[Afonso Henriques]] was proclaimed the first [[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal]] by his troops. According to the legend, Christ announced from heaven{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} Afonso's great deeds, whereby he would establish the first [[Portuguese Cortes]] at [[Lamego]] and be crowned by the [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]] [[Archbishop of Braga]]. In 1142 a group of Anglo-Norman crusaders on their way to the Holy Land helped King Afonso Henriques in a failed [[Siege of Lisbon (1142)]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.5699/portstudies.29.1.0007|doi = 10.5699/portstudies.29.1.0007|title = Revisiting the Anglo-Norman Crusaders' Failed Attempt to Conquer Lisbon ''c.'' 1142|year = 2013|last1 = Lucas Villegas-Aristizábal|journal = Portuguese Studies|volume = 29|page = 7}}</ref> In the [[Treaty of Zamora]] in 1143, [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile|Alfonso VII of Leon and Castile]] recognized Portuguese independence from the Kingdom of León.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sutori |url=https://www.sutori.com/en/story/the-siege-of-lisbon--KAPho8TyiMUT3bxY4w4YJisU |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.sutori.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 1147, Portugal [[Conquest of Santarém|captured Santarém]], and seven months later the city of Lisbon was also brought under Portuguese control after the [[Siege of Lisbon]]. By the papal bull [[Manifestis Probatum]], [[Pope Alexander III]] recognized Afonso Henriques as King of Portugal in 1179.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Lisbon {{!}} Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Siege-of-Lisbon |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

With [[Portugal]] finally recognized as an independent kingdom by its neighbors, [[Afonso Henriques]] and his successors, aided by [[Crusades|Crusaders]] and the military monastic orders the [[Knights Templar]], the [[Order of Aviz]] or the [[Order of Saint James of the Sword|Order of Saint James]], pushed the [[Moors]] to the [[Algarve]] on the southern coast of Portugal. After several campaigns, the Portuguese part in the ''Reconquista'' came to an end with the definitive [[Portuguese Conquest of Algarve|capture of the Algarve]] in 1249. With all of Portugal now under the control of [[Afonso III of Portugal]], religious, cultural and ethnic groups became gradually homogenized.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

[[File:Cross of the Military Order of Christ.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Cross of the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]]]]

After the completion of the ''Reconquista'', the Portuguese territory was a Roman Catholic realm. Nonetheless, [[Denis of Portugal]] carried out a short war with [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] for possession of the towns of [[Serpa]] and [[Moura Municipality|Moura]]. After this, Denis avoided war. In 1297, he signed the [[Treaty of Alcanizes]] with [[Ferdinand IV of Castile]], establishing a permanent border between the two kingdoms.<ref>Juan-Manuel Trillo-Santamaría & Valerià Paül, 'The Oldest Boundary in Europe? A Critical Approach to the Spanish-Portuguese Border: The ''Raia'' Between Galicia and Portugal', ''Geopolitics'', 19:1, 161–181 [167]</ref>

During the suppression of the Knights Templar all over Europe, under the influence of [[Philip IV of France]] and [[Pope Clement V]] requesting its annihilation by 1312, King Denis reinstituted the Templars of [[Tomar]] as the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]] in 1319. Denis believed that the Order's assets should by their nature stay in any given Order instead of being taken by the King, largely for the Templars' contribution to the ''Reconquista'' and the reconstruction of Portugal after the wars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |date=2014-11-29 |title=The National Archives – The Templars' 'curse' on the King of France |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/templars-curse-king-france/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=The National Archives blog |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The experience gained during the battles of the ''Reconquista'' was fundamental to [[Conquest of Ceuta]],<ref name="auto"/> the first step to the establishment of the [[Portuguese Empire]]. Likewise, the contact with [[Islamic Golden Age|Muslim's navigation techniques and sciences]] enabled the creation of [[Portuguese Renaissance|Portuguese nautical innovations]] such as the [[caravel]] – the principal Portuguese ship during their voyages of exploration in the [[Age of Discovery]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hobson|first1=John M.|title=The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation|date=2004|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521547246|page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQN85hrJyT4C&pg=PA141|language=en}}</ref>