Editing Racial profiling (section)

===United States===
{{Main|Racial profiling in the United States}}
{{see also|Airport racial profiling in the United States|Race and crime in the United States}}
In the United States, racial profiling is mainly used when referring to the disproportionate searching of [[African Americans]], and [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]], along with other visible minorities.

According to an American College of Physicians study, 92% of Blacks, 78% of Latino Americans, 75% of Native Americans, and 61% of Asian Americans have “reported experiencing racial discrimination in the form of racial slurs, violence, threats, and harassment.”<ref name="Racial Profiling"/>

Racial profiling has roots in [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] and has grown with the rise of [[urbanization]], conflated with [[gentrification]]. The US harbors a sense of fear and danger in people of color through the uncontested use of racial profiling in day-to-day interactions - from personal implicit biases, overt and covert racist laws and practices, and discriminatory law enforcement agencies.<ref name="nij.ojp.gov"/>

Sociologist Robert Staples said that racial profiling in the U.S. is “not merely a collection of individual offenses”, but rather a systemic phenomenon across American society, dating back to the era of slavery.<ref name="britannica.com"/>

“At the root of the emergence of the modern Anglo-American police was the problem of changing social relations and conditions arising from industrialization and urbanization,” says sociologist Dr. Tia Dafnos.<ref name="plato.stanford.edu"/>

This is exemplified in the large wage and generational wealth gaps and workplace and housing discrimination that exists between the White and non-White populations.<ref name="hrw.org"/> Racial profiling in policing institutions is not new, either. The modern American police force has taken inspiration and structure from slave patrols<ref name="brookings.edu"/> and as a result people in minority populations report high rates of unfair treatment by courts, unreasonable arrests and [[frisking]], and hesitancy to call the police in times of need out of fear of discrimination.<ref name="Racial Profiling"/>

The US Constitution's [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]], which protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure, was extended after a run of controversial court cases in the 1960s in which people of color were facing higher rates of frisking and intimidation. This extension says that police must obey the law while enforcing it.<ref name="nij.ojp.gov"/> Although the Supreme Court has claimed continued adherence to objectivity in the face of [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]] cases,<ref name="britannica.com"/> American police employ racial profiling with harmful consequences.

Recent incidents of racial profiling, often in mundane situations like traffic stops, have resulted in unnecessary violence and deaths. Data suggest that “African American and American Indian/Alaska Native women and men are killed by the police at higher rates” than their White counterparts, and Latinx men are killed at higher rates than White men. African American men are 2.5 times more likely to be killed by police than White men.<ref name="hrw.org"/>

Unlawful and wrongful death in the cases of George Floyd and Sonya Massey have been attributed to extreme racial profiling and met with social media outburst and growing attention towards the [[Black Lives Matter]] and [[SayHerName|Say Her Name]] movements. The ''[[Terry v. Ohio]]'' court case of 1968 has also led to countless incidents of racial profiling in the US, as it allows police officers to stop an individual or vehicle without probable cause if they think an individual is committing a crime or about to commit a crime, although they must have a reasonable suspicion based on "specific and articulable facts". The [[driving while black]] phenomenon draws from data that supports that people of color disproportionately experience police shootings, traffic stops, searches, and arrests.<ref name="Racial Profiling"/>