Editing RNA splicing (section)

==Experimental manipulation of splicing==
Splicing events can be experimentally altered<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Draper BW, Morcos PA, Kimmel CB | title = Inhibition of zebrafish fgf8 pre-mRNA splicing with morpholino oligos: a quantifiable method for gene knockdown | journal = Genesis | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 154–156 | date = July 2001 | pmid = 11477696 | doi = 10.1002/gene.1053 | s2cid = 32270393 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sazani P, Kang SH, Maier MA, Wei C, Dillman J, Summerton J, Manoharan M, Kole R | display-authors = 6 | title = Nuclear antisense effects of neutral, anionic and cationic oligonucleotide analogs | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 29 | issue = 19 | pages = 3965–3974 | date = October 2001 | pmid = 11574678 | pmc = 60237 | doi = 10.1093/nar/29.19.3965 }}</ref> by binding steric-blocking antisense [[oligonucleotide|oligo]]s, such as [[Morpholino]]s or [[Peptide nucleic acid]]s to snRNP binding sites, to the branchpoint nucleotide that closes the lariat,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morcos PA | title = Achieving targeted and quantifiable alteration of mRNA splicing with Morpholino oligos | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 358 | issue = 2 | pages = 521–527 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17493584 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.172 }}</ref> or to splice-regulatory element binding sites.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bruno IG, Jin W, Cote GJ | title = Correction of aberrant FGFR1 alternative RNA splicing through targeting of intronic regulatory elements | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 13 | issue = 20 | pages = 2409–2420 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15333583 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddh272 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

The use of antisense oligonucleotides to modulate splicing has shown great promise as a therapeutic strategy for a variety of genetic diseases caused by splicing defects.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fu XD, Ares M | title = Context-dependent control of alternative splicing by RNA-binding proteins | journal = Nature Reviews. Genetics | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = 689–701 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25112293 | pmc = 4440546 | doi = 10.1038/nrg3778 }}</ref>

Recent studies have shown that RNA splicing can be regulated by a variety of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone modifications.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fu XD, Ares M | title = Context-dependent control of alternative splicing by RNA-binding proteins | journal = Nature Reviews. Genetics | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = 689–701 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25112293 | pmc = 4440546 | doi = 10.1038/nrg3778 }}</ref>