Editing Pune (section)

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
| 1851 | 73000
| 1891 | 118790
| 1901 | 153320
| 1911 | 158856
| 1921 | 198523
| 1931 | 198078
| 1941 | 257554
| 1951 | 488419
| 1971 | 856105
| 1981 | 1203351
| 1991 | 1566651
| 2001 | 2540069
| 2011 | 3124458
}}

The city has a population of 3,124,458; while 5,057,709 people reside in the Pune Urban Agglomeration {{As of|2011|alt=as of the 2011 census}}.<ref name="punepages.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.punepages.com/demographics-of-pune|title=Demographics of Pune|publisher=Punepages.com|access-date=16 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715132101/http://www.punepages.com/demographics-of-pune|archive-date=15 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The latter was {{circa}} 4,485,000 in 2005. According to the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] (PMC), 40% of the population lived in [[slums]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punecorporation.org/pmcwebn/informpdf/Fire_Hazards/3annexurefinal.pdf|title=Annexure I|year=2001|work=Fire Hazards Response and Mitigation Plan|publisher=Pune Municipal Corporation|page=10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515100421/http://www.punecorporation.org/pmcwebn/informpdf/Fire_Hazards/3annexurefinal.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>

Since Pune is a major industrial metropolis, it has attracted migrants from all parts of India. The number of people migrating to Pune rose from 43,900 in 2001 to 88,200 in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=194461|title=Pune's GDP at Rs 46,000 is 50 pc higher than India's|date=28 July 2006|work=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110223158/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=194461|archive-date=10 January 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=24 March 2007}}</ref> The sharp increase in population during the decade 1991–2001 led to the absorption of 38 fringe villages into the city.<ref name="REVISED ACTION PLAN FOR CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION IN Pune">{{cite web|url=http://www.mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/actionplanpune11.pdf|title=Revised Action Plan for Control of Air Pollution in Pune|work=Census of India, Government of India (2001)|publisher=Maharashtra Pollution Control Board|access-date=29 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226073552/http://www.mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/actionplanpune11.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The top five source areas of migrants are [[Karnataka]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Rajasthan]]. The [[Sindhis]] in the city are mostly refugees and their descendants, who came to the area after the partition of India in 1947.<ref>Khairkar, V.P., 2008. Segregation of Migrants Groups in Pune City, India. Anthropologist, 10(2), pp.155–161.</ref> Initially they settled in the Pimpri area, which is still home to a large number of [[Sindhis in India|Sindhi people]]. However, they are also present in other parts of the city.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 273320|title = The Sindhis, Mercantile Refugees in India: Problems of Their Assimilation|journal = Phylon|volume = 27|issue = 1|pages = 40–49|last1 = Barnouw|first1 = Victor|year = 1966|doi = 10.2307/273320}}</ref> As agriculture has dwindled in recent decades, immigration of the erstwhile rural peoples now accounts for 70 per cent of the population growth.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pordié|first1=Laurent|last2=Lalitha|first2=N.|date=24 May 2006|title=Research Update: Transversal Themes of Indian Society and Medicines|url=http://www.ifpindia.org/ecrire/upload/ss_societies_and_medicines_presentation.pdf|url-status=dead|publisher=Department of Social Sciences, The French Institute of Pondicherry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720072412/http://www.ifpindia.org/ecrire/upload/ss_societies_and_medicines_presentation.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents_sga/Indian%20Urban%20SA%2030%20pager.pdf|title=Indian Urban Resource Millennium Assessment by Naturalists|access-date=18 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911035448/http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents_sga/Indian%20Urban%20SA%2030%20pager.pdf|archive-date=11 September 2008|url-status=live}}&nbsp;{{small|(183&nbsp;KB)}}</ref>

The average [[Literacy|literacy rate]] of Pune was 86.15% in 2011 compared to 80.45% in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/10/30125639/Pune-to-become-7th-metro-city.html|title=Pune to become 7th metro city in India: Assocham&nbsp;– Economy and Politics|date=30 October 2008|publisher=livemint.com|access-date=26 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430233050/http://www.livemint.com/2008/10/30125639/Pune-to-become-7th-metro-city.html|archive-date=30 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Pune (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|79.43}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Muslims|Islam]]|green|11.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|3.94}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|brown|2.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.43}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.55}}
|caption=Others include [[Parsi]]s.
}}

{{See also|Hindu temples in Pune}}
[[Hinduism]] is the major religion, practised by a little under 80% of people in Pune. Other religions with a significant presence include [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Christianity]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Zoroastrianism]].<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion – Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pmc.gov.in/informpdf/City%20Engineer%20office/Socio%20-%20Economic%20Survey%20Of%20Pune%20City.pdf|title=Socio – Economic Survey Of Pune City|location=p. 273|access-date=6 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802162128/http://pmc.gov.in/informpdf/City%20Engineer%20office/Socio%20-%20Economic%20Survey%20Of%20Pune%20City.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Of the many Hindu temples in the city, the Parvati temple complex on [[Parvati Hill]] and at least 250 others date back to the 18th century.<ref>Preston, Laurence W. "Shrines and neighbourhood in early nineteenth-century Pune, India. " ''Journal of Historical Geography'' 28. 2 (2002): 203–215.</ref> These temples were commissioned by the [[Peshwa]]s, who ruled the city at the time, and are dedicated to various deities including [[Hanuman|Maruti]], [[Vithoba]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva|Mahadeo]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna]] and [[Ganesh]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQL8AQAAQBAJ|title=Western India in the Nineteenth century|last1=Kumar|first1=Ravinder|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415330480|edition=Repr.|location=London [u.a.]|page=39}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kosambi|first1=Meera|date=1989|title=Glory of Peshwa Pune|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=248|issue=5|page=247}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gokhale|first1=Balkrishna Govind|date=1985|title=The Religious Complex in Eighteenth-Century Poona|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=105|issue=4|pages=719–724|jstor=602730|doi=10.2307/602730}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983|title=Shaniwarwada was centre of Indian politics: Ninad Bedekar – Mumbai – DNA|publisher=Dnaindia.com|access-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320015359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983|archive-date=20 March 2013|url-status=live|date=29 November 2011}}</ref> The historic temples of [[Kasba Ganapati]], the [[Budhwar Peth, Pune|Tambadi (Red) Jogeshwari]] are considered the guardian deities of the city.<ref name="Kantak 489-495" /><ref name="State1885">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dboMAAAAIAAJ|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ...|author=Bombay (India : State)|publisher=Government Central Press|year=1885|access-date=29 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317045123/http://books.google.com/books?id=dBoMAAAAIAAJ|archive-date=17 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple]] is the richest Ganesh temple in Pune. Pune district has two of the most important pilgrimage centres of the [[Varkari]] sect of the [[Bhakti movement]] in Maharashtra, namely [[Alandi]] where the ''[[samadhi]]'' of 13th century Saint [[Dnyaneshwar]] is located and [[Dehu]] where the 17th century Saint [[Tukaram]] lived. Every year in the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] month of ''[[Ashadh]]'' (June/July), the ''[[Paduka]]'' (symbolic sandals) of these saints are carried in a [[pilgrimage]], the ''[[Pandharpur Vari]]'', to meet Vithoba. The procession makes a stopover in the city on its way to [[Pandharpur]] attracting hundreds of thousands of ''Varkaris'' and devotees. Other important Hindu pilgrimage sites in [[Pune Metropolitan Region|PMR]] or the district include [[Jejuri]], and five of [[Ashtavinayak]] Ganesh temples. The Shrutisagar Ashram houses the Vedanta Research Centre and a unique temple of [[Dakshinamurthy]].

Prominent mosques include Roshan Masjid, Chand Tara Masjid, Jama Masjid, and Azam Campus Masjid, Manusha Masjid. Chand Tara Masjid, located in [[Nana Peth, Pune|Nana Peth]], is one of the biggest and most important mosques in Pune as it is the city headquarters (''markaz'') for the [[Tablighi Jamaat]]. Pune is also the birthplace of [[Meher Baba]], although his followers usually travel to [[Meherabad]] to visit his tomb. [[Hazrat Babajan]], identified by Meher Baba as one of the five [[Perfect Master (Meher Baba)|perfect masters]], has a shrine (''[[Dargah]]'') erected in her honour under a [[Azadirachta indica|neem tree]] in [[Pune Camp]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trustmeher.com/files/five/babajan.htm|title=Photo of Babajan's Samadhi tomb shrine in Pune|publisher=Trustmeher.com|access-date=26 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717105643/http://www.trustmeher.com/files/five/babajan.htm|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/at-babajan-dargah-rests-the-legacy-of-an-old-saint/articleshow/56286345.cms|title=At Babajan Dargah rests the legacy of an old saint|work=The Times of India|access-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605222413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/at-babajan-dargah-rests-the-legacy-of-an-old-saint/articleshow/56286345.cms|archive-date=5 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pune has a distinct Christian community comprising [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]], [[Church of North India|CNI]], [[Methodist Church in India|Methodist]], [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]], Christian Missionaries helped in setting up schools and colleges all over and also spread the message of faith.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune-Religion|url=http://mypages.iit.edu/~apansare/Pune/religion.html|access-date=14 December 2021|website=mypages.iit.edu|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716031910/http://mypages.iit.edu/~apansare/Pune/religion.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city has several churches dedicated to different Christian denominations such as St. Anthony's Shrine and Vineyard Worker's of Christ Church, Dapodi.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Pune|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] built in 1850 is the seat of the [[bishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=State) |first1=Bombay (India  |title=Gazetteer of Bombay State: Poona District |date=1954 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |page=670 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3ZuAAAAMAAJ&q=St.+Patrick%27s+Cathedral+built+in+1850+pune |language=en}}</ref>

Pune has [[Jainism|Jain]] temples dating back to the Peshwa era. At present, there are more than one hundred Jain temples in [[Pune Metropolitan Region|PMR]] with the one at [[Katraj]] being the largest.<ref name="Kelting2001">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC|title=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion|author=M. Whitney Kelting|date=2 August 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803211-3|pages=8, 15|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225230902/https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC|archive-date=25 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Pune has over 20 Gurdwaras, with Gurdwara Guru Nanak Darbar in [[Pune Camp]] and Gurdwara Shri Guru Singh Sabha in [[Ganesh Peth, Pune|Ganesh Peth]] being the ones situated in the heart of the city. The 19th-century [[Ohel David Synagogue]], known locally as Lal Deval, is said to be one of the largest synagogues in Asia outside Israel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/the-wanderers-who-found-home/articleshow/61083695.cms|title=The wanderers who found home – Pune Mirror -|work=Pune Mirror|access-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625024727/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/the-wanderers-who-found-home/articleshow/61083695.cms|archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/the-bene-israel-and-baghdadi-jews-of-india-a-history-of-this-minority-community-2869860.html|title=The Bene-Israel and Baghdadi Jews of India: A history of this minority community |website=Firstpost.com|date=3 July 2016|access-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701141805/https://www.firstpost.com/living/the-bene-israel-and-baghdadi-jews-of-india-a-history-of-this-minority-community-2869860.html|archive-date=1 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Agiary is a prominent Zoroastrian temple.

Pune has been associated with several significant recent spiritual teachers. The controversial Guru [[Rajneesh|Osho]], formerly the self-styled Bhagwan Rajneesh, lived and taught in Pune for much of the 1970s and 1980s. The [[Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh)#Legacy|Osho International Meditation Resort]], one of the world's largest spiritual centres, is located in [[Koregaon Park]] and attracts visitors from over a hundred countries. The meditation resort organises music and meditation festival every year during monsoon, known as [[Osho Monsoon Festival]]. Number of well known artists around the world participates in the event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/monsoon-festival-at-osho-ashram-begins-today-5301405/|title=Monsoon Festival at Osho Ashram begins today|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812150431/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/monsoon-festival-at-osho-ashram-begins-today-5301405/|archive-date=12 August 2018|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|location=Pune}}</ref>

===Languages===

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Pune M Corp (2011)<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra (Town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10253/download/13365/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 67.89 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 13.14 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 3.78 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value4 = 2.60 |color4 = maroon
|label5 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value5 = 2.25 |color5 = skyblue
|label6 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value6 = 1.99 |color6 = steelblue
|label7 = [[Kannada]] |value7 = 1.92 |color7 = darkslateblue
|label8 = Others |value8 = 6.43 |color8 = grey
}}

[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official and most-spoken language. Pune, being the cultural capital of Maharashtra, is a centre for Marathi literature and its dialect forms the basis for the written standard of Marathi. As a destination for migrants throughout India, [[Hindi]] is also widely-spoken, as is [[Deccani language|Dakhni Urdu]] by the Muslim community. [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Marwari language|Marwari]] are spoken by the business community.