Editing Psychotherapy (section)

=== Other ===
[[Transpersonal psychology]] addresses the client in the context of a spiritual understanding of consciousness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-03 |title=Transpersonal Psychology: Principles and Applications |url=https://psychcentral.com/health/transpersonal-psychology-spiritual-therapy |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Psych Central |language=en}}</ref> [[Positive psychotherapy]] (PPT) (since 1968) is a method in the field of humanistic and psychodynamic psychotherapy and is based on a positive image of humans, with a health-promoting, resource-oriented and conflict-centered approach.

[[Hypnotherapy]] is undertaken while a subject is in a state of [[hypnosis]]. Hypnotherapy is often applied in order to modify a subject's behavior, emotional content, and attitudes, as well as a wide range of conditions including: dysfunctional habits,<ref name="Karkut">{{cite journal |last1= Johnson |first1= David L. |last2=Karkut |first2= Richard T. | title = Performance by gender in a stop-smoking program combining hypnosis and aversion | journal = [[Psychological Reports]] | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 851–7 | date = October 1994 | pmid = 7862796 | doi = 10.2466/pr0.1994.75.2.851 |s2cid= 39850409 }}</ref><ref name="Barber">{{cite journal | last = Barber | first = Joseph | title = Freedom from smoking: integrating hypnotic methods and rapid smoking to facilitate smoking cessation | journal = The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 257–66 | date = July 2001 | pmid = 11430159 | doi = 10.1080/00207140108410075 | s2cid = 29607578 | url = http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4584046/Barber-Freedom_from_smoking.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120706021042/http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4584046/Barber-Freedom_from_smoking.pdf | archive-date = 6 July 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Wynd">{{cite journal |last= Wynd |first= Christine A. | title = Guided health imagery for smoking cessation and long-term abstinence | journal = Journal of Nursing Scholarship | volume = 37 | issue = 3 | pages = 245–50 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16235865 | doi = 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2005.00042.x }}</ref><ref name="Yerardi">{{cite journal |last1= Ahijevych |first1= Karen |last2= Yerardi |first2= Ruth |last3= Nedilsky |first3= Nancy | title = Descriptive outcomes of the American Lung Association of Ohio hypnotherapy smoking cessation program | journal = The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis | volume = 48 | issue = 4 | pages = 374–87 | date = October 2000 | pmid = 11011498 | doi = 10.1080/00207140008410367 |s2cid= 1116717 }}</ref><ref name="Pekala">{{cite journal |last1= Pekala |first1= Ronald J. |last2= Maurer |first2= Ronald |last3= Kumar |first3= V.K. |last4= Elliott |first4= Nancy C. |last5= Masten |first5= Ellsworth |last6= Moon |first6= Edward |last7= Salinger |first7= Margaret | title = Self-hypnosis relapse prevention training with chronic drug/alcohol users: effects on self-esteem, affect, and relapse | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis | volume = 46 | issue = 4 | pages = 281–97 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15190730 | doi = 10.1080/00029157.2004.10403613 |s2cid= 38903485 | display-authors = 4 }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=March 2025}} anxiety,<ref name="O'Neill">{{cite journal |title= Treating anxiety with self-hypnosis and relaxation |last1= O'Neill |first1= Lucy M. |last2= Barnier |first2= Amanda J. |last3= McConkey |first3= Kevin |year= 1999 |journal= Contemporary Hypnosis |volume= 16 |issue= 2 |pages= 68–80 |doi= 10.1002/ch.154}}</ref> stress-related illness,<ref name="Bryant">{{cite journal | last1 = Bryant | first1 = Richard A. | last2 = Moulds | first2 = Michelle L. | last3 = Guthrie | first3 = Rachel M. | last4 = Nixon | first4 = Reginald D.V. | title = The additive benefit of hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating acute stress disorder | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 73 | issue = 2 | pages = 334–340 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15796641 | doi = 10.1037/0022-006X.73.2.334 | url = http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4448284/Bryant-Additive_benefit_hypnosis_acute_stress_disorder.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20130502042825/http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4448284/Bryant-Additive_benefit_hypnosis_acute_stress_disorder.pdf | archive-date = 2 May 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Ellner">{{cite journal |url= http://pain-topics.org/pdf/Hypnosis-in-Disability-Pain.pdf |title= Hypnosis in disability settings |last1= Ellner |first1= Michael |last2= Aurbach |first2= Robert |year= 2009 |journal= IAIABC Journal |volume= 46 |issue= 2 |pages= 57–75 |access-date= 29 April 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120713210443/http://pain-topics.org/pdf/Hypnosis-in-Disability-Pain.pdf |archive-date= 13 July 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Whitehouse">{{cite journal |last1= Whitehouse |first1= Wayne G. |last2= Dinges |first2= David F. |last3= Orne |first3= Emily C. |last4= Keller |first4= Steven E. |last5= Bates |first5= Brad L. |last6= Bauer |first6= Nancy K. |last7= Morahan |first7= Page |last8= Haupt |first8= Barbara A. |last9= Carlin |first9= Michele M. |last10= Bloom |first10= Peter B. |last11= Zuagg |first11= Line |last12= Orne |first12= Martin T. |title= Psychosocial and immune effects of self-hypnosis training for stress management throughout the first semester of medical school |journal= Psychosomatic Medicine |volume= 58 |issue= 3 |pages= 249–63 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8771625 |url= http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4464881/Whitehouse-Psychosocial_immune_effects_self_hypnosis_stress.pdf |display-authors= 4 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155054/http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4464881/Whitehouse-Psychosocial_immune_effects_self_hypnosis_stress.pdf |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |df= dmy-all |doi= 10.1097/00006842-199605000-00009 |s2cid= 43116854 }}</ref> pain management,<ref name="Ngai">{{Cite web |url= http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/1999F/Hypnotism.pdf |title= Hypnosis in Pain Management |last= Ngai |first= Hoi N. |year= 2000 |access-date= 29 April 2013 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131020222016/http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/1999F/Hypnotism.pdf |archive-date= 20 October 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2014}}<ref name="Hammond">{{cite journal | last = Hammond | first = D. Corydon | title = Review of the efficacy of clinical hypnosis with headaches and migraines | journal = The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis | volume = 55 | issue = 2 | pages = 207–19 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17365074 | doi = 10.1080/00207140601177921 | s2cid = 19705476 | url = http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4531149/Hammond-Review_efficacy_clinical_hypnosis_headaches_migraines.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20130502042315/http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4531149/Hammond-Review_efficacy_clinical_hypnosis_headaches_migraines.pdf | archive-date = 2 May 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> and personal development.<ref name="Cannon">{{cite web |url= http://www.hypnotherapyarticles.com/ArtG/articleg00050.htm |title= How to learn better study habits through hypnosis |last= Cannon |first= Georgina |year= 2008 |work= Hypnotherapy Articles: Promoting Knowledge |access-date= 29 April 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130126100646/http://www.hypnotherapyarticles.com/ArtG/articleg00050.htm |archive-date= 26 January 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2014}}<ref name="Callen">{{cite journal |last= Callen |first= Kenneth E. | title = Auto-hypnosis in long distance runners | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 30–6 | date = July 1983 | pmid = 6678109 | doi = 10.1080/00029157.1983.10404135 }}</ref>

[[Psychedelic therapy]] are therapeutic practices involving [[psychedelic drug]]s, such as [[LSD]], [[Psilocybe mushrooms|psilocybin]], [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], and [[MDMA]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pollan|first=Michael|date=15 May 2018|title=My Adventures With the Trip Doctors|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/05/15/magazine/health-issue-my-adventures-with-hallucinogenic-drugs-medicine.html|access-date=11 September 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In psychedelic therapy, in contrast to conventional [[psychiatric medication]] taken by the patient regularly or as needed, patients generally remain in an extended psychotherapy session during the acute psychedelic activity with additional sessions both before and after in order to help integrate experiences with the psychedelics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Byock|first=Ira|date=1 April 2018|title=Taking Psychedelics Seriously|journal=Journal of Palliative Medicine|volume=21|issue=4|pages=417–421|doi=10.1089/jpm.2017.0684|issn=1096-6218|pmc=5867510|pmid=29356590}}</ref><ref name="Carhart-Harris">{{Cite news|last=Carhart-Harris|first=Robin|author-link=Robin Carhart-Harris|date=8 June 2020|title=We can no longer ignore the potential of psychedelic drugs to treat depression|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/08/psychedelic-drugs-treat-depression|access-date=11 September 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Psychedelic therapy has been compared with the [[shamanic]] healing rituals of indigenous people. Researchers identified two main differences: the first is the shamanic belief that multiple realities exist and can be explored through altered states of consciousness, and second the belief that spirits encountered in dreams and visions are real.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Metzner|first=R|date=1998|title=Hallucinogenic drugs and plants in psychotherapy and shamanism |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|volume=30|issue=4|pages=333–41|doi=10.1080/02791072.1998.10399709|pmid=9924839}}</ref><ref name="Carhart-Harris"/> The charitable initiative [[Founders Pledge]] has written a research report on cost-effective giving opportunities for funding psychedelic-assisted mental health treatments.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Samuel|first=Sigal|date=9 October 2020|title=The case for funding psychedelics to treat mental health|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/10/9/21506664/psychedelics-mental-health-depression-ptsd-psilocybin-mdma|access-date=2 April 2021|website=Vox}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Hoeijmakers|first1=Sjir|last2=Goth|first2=Aidan|date=25 September 2020|title=Psychedelic-Assisted Mental Health Treatments Executive Summary|url=https://founderspledge.com/stories/psychedelic-assisted-mental-health-treatments-executive-summary|access-date=2 April 2021|website=Founders Pledge}}</ref>

[[Body psychotherapy]], part of the field of [[somatic psychology]], focuses on the link between the mind and the body and tries to access deeper levels of the psyche through greater awareness of the [[physical body]] and [[emotions]]. There are various ''body-oriented'' approaches, such as Reichian ([[Wilhelm Reich]]) character-analytic [[vegetotherapy]] and orgonomy; neo-Reichian [[bioenergetic analysis]]; [[somatic experiencing]]; [[integrative body psychotherapy]]; Ron Kurtz's [[Hakomi]] psychotherapy; sensorimotor psychotherapy; Biosynthesis psychotherapy; and Biodynamic psychotherapy. These approaches are not to be confused with [[Bodywork (alternative medicine)|body work]] or body-therapies that seek to improve primarily physical health through direct work (touch and manipulation) on the body, rather than through directly psychological methods.

Some non-Western [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] therapies have been developed. In African countries this includes harmony restoration therapy, meseron therapy and systemic therapies based on the [[Ubuntu (philosophy)|Ubuntu philosophy]].<ref>[http://www.psychevisual.com/Video_by_Carol_Ofovwe_on_Non_Western_Therapies_a_review_of_Meseron_Therapy_what_rsquo_s_the_way_forward.html Non Western Therapies: a review of Meseron Therapy, what is the way forward?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910074442/http://www.psychevisual.com/Video_by_Carol_Ofovwe_on_Non_Western_Therapies_a_review_of_Meseron_Therapy_what_rsquo_s_the_way_forward.html |date=10 September 2015 }} Carol Ofovwe, 7th World Congress on Psychotherapy, 25–29 August 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/4768 Reframing and Redefining Family Therapy: Ubuntu Perspective] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722031324/http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/4768 |date=22 July 2015 }} Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 5, No 23 (2014) S.H. Somni, N.S. Sandlana</ref><ref>[http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ifep/article/view/91254 Development of The Harmony Restoration Measurement Scale (Cosmogram) Part 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721210732/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ifep/article/view/91254 |date=21 July 2015 }} Vol 21, No 3 (2013) EP Onyekwere, EC Lekwas, EJ Eze, NF Chukwunenyem, IC Uchenna</ref>

[[Integrative psychotherapy]] is an attempt to combine ideas and strategies from more than one theoretical approach.<ref>{{cite book |title= Handbook of Psychotherapy Integration |last1= Norcross |first1= John C. |author-link1=John C. Norcross |last2= Goldfried |first2= Marvin R. |year= 2005 |edition= 2nd |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780195165791}}{{Page needed|date=January 2014}}</ref> These approaches include mixing core beliefs and combining proven techniques. Forms of integrative psychotherapy include [[multimodal therapy]], the [[transtheoretical model]], cyclical psychodynamics, systematic treatment selection, [[cognitive analytic therapy]], [[Internal Family Systems Model|internal family systems model]], [[multitheoretical psychotherapy]] and conceptual interaction. In practice, most experienced psychotherapists develop their own integrative approach over time.