Editing Psychology (section)

=== Cognitive ===
{{main|Cognitive psychology}}
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'''<span style="color:green">Green</span> <span style="color:red">Red</span> <span style="color:blue">Blue</span><br /><span style="color:purple">Purple</span> <span style="color:blue">Blue</span> <span style="color:purple">Purple</span>'''
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'''<span style="color:red">Blue</span> <span style="color:green">Purple</span> <span style="color:blue">Red</span><br /><span style="color:blue">Green</span> <span style="color:red">Purple</span> <span style="color:purple">Green</span>'''
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The Stroop effect is the fact that naming the color of the first set of words is easier and quicker than the second.
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[[File:Working memory model.svg|thumb|[[Baddeley's model of working memory]]]]
[[File:Müller-Lyer illusion.svg|thumb|The [[Müller–Lyer illusion]]. Psychologists make inferences about mental processes from shared phenomena such as optical illusions.]]
Cognitive psychology involves the study of [[mental process]]es, including [[perception]], [[attention]], language comprehension and production, [[memory]], and problem solving.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apa.org/research/action/glossary.aspx |title=American Psychological Association (2013). Glossary of psychological terms |publisher=Apa.org |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127022835/https://www.apa.org/research/action/glossary.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Researchers in the field of cognitive psychology are sometimes called [[cognitivism (psychology)|cognitivists]]. They rely on an [[Information processing (psychology)|information processing]] model of mental functioning. Cognitivist research is informed by [[functionalism (philosophy of mind)|functionalism]] and experimental psychology.

Starting in the 1950s, the experimental techniques developed by Wundt, James, Ebbinghaus, and others re-emerged as experimental psychology became increasingly cognitivist and, eventually, constituted a part of the wider, interdisciplinary [[cognitive science]].<ref>Gardner, H. (1985). ''The mind's new science: A history of the cognitive revolution''. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04635-5</ref><ref name=Mandler /> Some called this development the [[cognitive revolution]] because it rejected the anti-mentalist dogma of behaviorism as well as the strictures of psychoanalysis.<ref name=Mandler>Mandler, G. (2007). A history of modern experimental psychology: From James and Wundt to cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.{{page needed|date=February 2019}}</ref>

[[Albert Bandura]] helped along the transition in psychology from behaviorism to cognitive psychology. Bandura and other [[Social learning theory|social learning theorists]] advanced the idea of vicarious learning. In other words, they advanced the view that a child can learn by observing the immediate social environment and not necessarily from having been reinforced for enacting a behavior, although they did not rule out the influence of reinforcement on learning a behavior.<ref>Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.</ref>

Technological advances also renewed interest in mental states and mental representations. English neuroscientist [[Charles Sherrington]] and Canadian psychologist [[Donald O. Hebb]] used experimental methods to link psychological phenomena to the structure and function of the brain. The rise of computer science, [[cybernetics]], and [[artificial intelligence]] underlined the value of comparing information processing in humans and machines.

A popular and representative topic in this area is [[cognitive bias]], or irrational thought. Psychologists (and economists) have classified and described a [[List of cognitive biases|sizeable catalog of biases]] which recur frequently in human thought. The [[availability heuristic]], for example, is the tendency to overestimate the importance of something which happens to come readily to mind.<ref>{{Citation|last=Juslin|first=Peter|title=Availability Heuristic|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Mind|year=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781452257044.n39|isbn=978-1-4129-5057-2}}</ref>

Elements of behaviorism and cognitive psychology were synthesized to form [[cognitive behavioral therapy]], a form of psychotherapy modified from techniques developed by American psychologist [[Albert Ellis (psychologist)|Albert Ellis]] and American psychiatrist [[Aaron Beck|Aaron T. Beck]].

On a broader level, cognitive science is an interdisciplinary enterprise involving cognitive psychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, linguists, and researchers in artificial intelligence, human–computer interaction, and [[computational neuroscience]]. The discipline of cognitive science covers cognitive psychology as well as philosophy of mind, computer science, and neuroscience.<ref>{{Citation|last=Thagard|first=Paul|title=Cognitive Science|year=2020|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/cognitive-science/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Winter 2020|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301035552/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/cognitive-science/|url-status=live}}</ref> Computer simulations are sometimes used to model phenomena of interest.