Editing Psychoanalysis (section)

===1940s–present===
[[File:Groupe de traduction OCF. F Altounian.tiff|thumb|Group of Psychoanalysts, [[André Bourguignon]], Pierre Cotet, François Robert, Alain Rauzy and Janine Altounian in [[France]]]] 
When [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s power grew, the Freud family and many of their colleagues fled to London. Within a year, Sigmund Freud died.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kuriloff, Emily A.|title=Contemporary Psychoanalysis and the Legacy of the Third Reich|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-136-93041-6|page=45}}</ref> In the United States, also following the death of Freud, a new group of psychoanalysts began to explore the function of the ego. Led by [[Heinz Hartmann]], the group built upon understandings of the ''synthetic'' function of the ego as a mediator in psychic functioning, distinguishing such from ''autonomous'' ego functions (e.g. memory and intellect). These "ego psychologists" of the 1950s paved the way to focus analytic work by attending to the defenses (mediated by the ego) before exploring the deeper roots of the unconscious conflicts.

In addition, there was growing interest in [[child psychoanalysis]]. Psychoanalysis has been used as a research tool into childhood development,<ref group="lower-roman">cf. ''[[The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child]]'', academic journal</ref> and is still used to treat certain mental disturbances.<ref name="Wallerstein 2000">Wallerstein. 2000. ''Forty-Two Lives in Treatment: A Study of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy''.</ref> In the 1960s, Freud's early thoughts on the childhood development of [[female sexuality]] were challenged; this challenge led to the development of a variety of understandings of female sexual development,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Horney|first=Karen|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/780458101|title=Feminine psychology|date=1973|publisher=Norton|isbn=0-393-00686-7|oclc=780458101}}</ref> many of which modified the timing and normality of several of Freud's theories. Several researchers followed [[Karen Horney]]'s studies of societal pressures that influence the development of women.<ref>Blum, H. 1979. ''Masochism, the Ego Ideal and the Psychology of Women.'' JAPA.</ref>

In the first decade of the 21st century, there were approximately 35 training institutes for psychoanalysis in the United States accredited by the [[American Psychoanalytic Association]] (APsaA), which is a component organization of the [[International Psychoanalytical Association]] (IPA), and there are over 3000 graduated psychoanalysts practicing in the United States. The IPA accredits psychoanalytic training centers through such "component organisations" throughout the rest of the world, including countries such as Serbia, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Switzerland,<ref>{{citation |url = http://www.ipa.org.uk/en/Societies/Europe/ComponentSocieties.aspx |title = IPA Component Organisations in Europe |access-date = 2012-11-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023113323/http://www.ipa.org.uk/en/Societies/Europe/ComponentSocieties.aspx |archive-date = 2015-10-23 |url-status = dead }}</ref> and many others, as well as about six institutes directly in the United States.