Editing Portuguese man o' war (section)

===Mathematical modelling===
Since they have no propulsion system, the movement of the man o' war can be modelled mathematically by calculating the forces acting on it, or by [[Advection|advecting]] virtual particles in [[Ocean general circulation model|ocean]] and [[Atmospheric circulation|atmospheric circulation models]]. Earlier studies modelled the movement of the man o' war with [[Lagrangian particle tracking]] to explain major beaching events. In 2017, Ferrer and Pastor were able to estimate the region of origin of a significant beaching event on the southeastern [[Bay of Biscay]]. They ran a Lagrangian model backwards in time, using wind velocity and a wind [[drag coefficient]] as drivers of the man o' war motion. They found that the region of origin was the [[Sargasso Sea|North Atlantic subtropical gyre]].<ref name=Ferrer2017>{{cite journal|last1=Ferrer|first1=Luis|last2=Pastor|first2=Ane|title=The Portuguese man-of-war: gone with the wind|journal=Regional Studies in Marine Science|volume=14|issue=|pages=53–62|year=2017|bibcode=2017RSMS...14...53F|doi=10.1016/j.rsma.2017.05.004}}</ref> In 2015 Prieto et al. included both the effect of the [[ocean current|surface currents]] and wind to predict the initial colony position prior to major beaching events in the Mediterranean.<ref name=Prieto2015>{{cite journal|last1=Prieto|first1=L.|last2=MacÍas|first2=D.|last3=Peliz|first3=A.|last4=Ruiz|first4=J.|title=Portuguese Man-of-War (Physalia physalis) in the Mediterranean: A permanent invasion or a casual appearance?|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=5|issue=1|page=11545|year=2015|doi=10.1038/srep11545|pmid=26108978|pmc=4480229|bibcode=2015NatSR...511545P|s2cid=8456129}}</ref> This model assumed the man o' war was advected by the surface currents, with the effect of the wind being added with a much higher wind drag coefficient of 10%. Similarly, in 2020 Headlam et al. used beaching and offshore observations to identify a region of origin, using the joint effects of surface currents and wind drag, for the largest mass man o' war beaching on the Irish coastline in over 150 years.<ref name=Headlam2020>{{cite journal |doi = 10.1016/j.ecss.2020.107033|title = Insights on the origin and drift trajectories of Portuguese man of war (Physalia physalis) over the Celtic Sea shelf area|year = 2020|last1 = Headlam|first1 = Jasmine L.|last2 = Lyons|first2 = Kieran|last3 = Kenny|first3 = Jon|last4 = Lenihan|first4 = Eamonn S.|last5 = Quigley|first5 = Declan T.G.|last6 = Helps|first6 = William|last7 = Dugon|first7 = Michel M.|last8 = Doyle|first8 = Thomas K.|journal = Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science|volume = 246|page = 107033|bibcode = 2020ECSS..24607033H|s2cid = 224908448}}</ref><ref name=Lee2021/>  These earlier studies used numerical models in combination with simple assumptions to calculate the drift of this species, excluding complex drifting dynamics. In 2021, Lee ''et al.'' provide a [[Parametric equation|parameterisation]] for Lagrangian modelling of the bluebottle by considering the similarities between the bluebottle and a [[Forces on sails|sailboat]]. This allowed them to compute the hydrodynamic and aerodynamic forces acting on the bluebottle and use an equilibrium condition to create a generalised model for calculating the drifting speed and course of the bluebottle under any wind and ocean current conditions.<ref name=Lee2021/>