Editing Pope Gregory VII (section)

==Internal policy and reforms==
{{Main|Gregorian Reform}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Canonization|Saint]]
|name             = Gregory VII
|honorific_suffix = [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
|image            = Ritratto di Papa San Gregorio VII.png
|birth_name       = Ildebrando di Soana
|birth_date       = 1015
|birth_place      = [[Sovana]], [[March of Tuscany]]
|death_date       = 25 May 1085 (aged 69-70)
|death_place      = [[Salerno]], [[Duchy of Apulia]]
|titles           = Pope; Confessor
|venerated_in     = [[Catholic Church]]
|attributes       = [[Papal regalia and insignia|Papal vestments]]<br>[[Papal tiara]]<br>[[Religious habit|Benedictine habit]]
|patronage        = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Savona-Noli|Diocese of Savona]]<br>[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno|Salerno]]
|beatified_date   = 25 May 1584
|beatified_place  = [[Saint Peter's Basilica]], [[Papal States]]
|beatified_by     = [[Pope Gregory XIII]]
|canonized_date   = 24 May 1728
|canonized_place  = Saint Peter's Basilica, Papal States
|canonized_by     = [[Pope Benedict XIII]] }}
His lifework was based on his conviction that the Church was founded by God and entrusted with the task of embracing all mankind in a single society in which divine will is the only law; that, in its capacity as a divine institution, it is supreme over all human structures, especially the secular state; and that the pope, in his role as head of the Church, is the vice-regent of God on earth, so that disobedience to him implies disobedience to God: or, in other words, a defection from Christianity. But any attempt to interpret this in terms of action would have bound the Church to annihilate not merely a single state, but all states.<ref name="EB"/>

Thus Gregory VII, as a politician wanting to achieve some result, was driven in practice to adopt a different standpoint. He acknowledged the existence of the state as a dispensation of [[Divine providence|providence]], described the coexistence of church and state as a divine ordinance, and emphasized the necessity of union between the ''[[sacerdotium]]'' and the ''imperium''. But at no period would he have dreamed of putting the two powers on an equal footing; the superiority of church to state was to him a fact which admitted of no discussion and which he had never doubted.<ref name="EB"/>

He wished to see all important matters of dispute referred to Rome; appeals were to be addressed to himself; the centralization of ecclesiastical government in Rome naturally involved a curtailment of the powers of bishops. Since these refused to submit voluntarily and tried to assert their traditional independence, his papacy is full of struggles against the higher ranks of the clergy.<ref name="EB"/> Pope Gregory VII was critical in promoting and regulating the concept of modern [[university|universities]] as his 1079 Papal Decree ordered the regulated establishment of cathedral schools that transformed themselves into the first European universities.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

This battle for the foundation of papal supremacy is connected with his championship of compulsory [[clerical celibacy|celibacy among the clergy]] and his attack on [[simony]]. Gregory VII did not introduce the celibacy of the priesthood into the Church, but he took up the struggle with greater energy than his predecessors. In 1074, he published an [[encyclical]], absolving the people from their obedience to bishops who allowed married priests. The next year he enjoined them to take action against married priests, and deprived these clerics of their revenues. Both the campaign against priestly marriage and that against simony provoked widespread resistance.<ref name="EB"/>
[[File:Salerno PopeGregoriousVIITomb.JPG|thumb|left|Wax funeral effigy of Gregory VII under glass in the Salerno cathedral.]]

His writings treat mainly of the principles and practice of Church government.<ref name="CE"/> They may be found in Mansi's collection under the title "Gregorii VII registri sive epistolarum libri".<ref>Mansi, "Gregorii VII registri sive epistolarum libri." ''Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio''. Florence, 1759</ref> Most of his surviving letters are preserved in his Register, which is now stored in the Vatican Archives.