Editing Plastic surgery (section)

==Cosmetic surgery procedures{{anchor|Cosmetic surgery}}==
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| caption1 = [[Rhinoplasty]] or Nose Surgery
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| caption2 = [[Blepharoplasty]] or Cosmetic Eyelid Surgery
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Cosmetic surgery is a voluntary or elective surgery that is performed on normal parts of the body with the only purpose of improving a person's appearance or removing signs of aging. Some cosmetic surgeries such as breast reduction are also functional and can help to relieve symptoms of discomfort such as back ache or neck ache. Cosmetic surgeries are also undertaken following breast cancer and mastectomy to recreate the natural breast shape which has been lost during the process of removing the cancer. In 2014, nearly 16 million cosmetic procedures were performed in the United States alone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plasticsurgery.org/Documents/news-resources/statistics/2014-statistics/plastic-surgery-statsitics-full-report.pdf |title=Plastic Surgery Statistics Report |access-date=2016-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402095506/http://www.plasticsurgery.org/Documents/news-resources/statistics/2014-statistics/plastic-surgery-statsitics-full-report.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2016  }}</ref> The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has almost doubled since the start of the century. 92% of cosmetic procedures were performed on women in 2014, up from 88% in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cosmeticplasticsurgerystatistics.com/statistics-2001.html|title=2001 Cosmetic Surgery Statistics|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> 15.6 million cosmetic procedures were performed in 2020, with the five most common surgeries being [[Rhinoplasty|rhinoplasties]], [[Blepharoplasty|blepharoplasties]], [[Rhytidectomy|rhytidectomies]], [[Liposuction|liposuctions]], and [[breast augmentation]]. Breast augmentation continues to be one of the top 5 cosmetic surgical procedures and has been since 2006. [[Silicone]] implants were used in 84% and saline implants in 16% of all breast augmentations in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report |url=https://www.plasticsurgery.org/documents/News/Statistics/2020/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2020.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.plasticsurgery.org/documents/News/Statistics/2020/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2020.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery]] looked at the statistics for 34 different cosmetic procedures. Nineteen of the procedures were surgical, such as rhinoplasties or rhytidectomies. The nonsurgical procedures included [[Botulinum toxin|botox]] and [[laser hair removal]]. In 2010, their survey revealed that there were 9,336,814 total procedures in the United States. Of those, 1,622,290 procedures were surgical (p.&nbsp;5). They also found that a large majority, 81%, of the procedures were done on Caucasian people (p.&nbsp;12).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery|title=Cosmetic Surgery National Data Bank Statistics|journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal|date=2010|pages=1–18}}</ref>

In 1949, 15,000 Americans underwent cosmetic surgery procedures and by 1969<ref name=":2" /> this number rose to almost half a million people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1971-09-27 |title=Plastic Surgery |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/27/archives/its-no-longer-reserved-for-the-vain-and-rich.html |access-date=2020-08-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[American Society of Plastic Surgeons]] estimates that more than 333,000 cosmetic procedures were performed on patients 18 years of age or younger in the US in 2005 compared to approx. 14,000 in 1996. In 2018, more than 226,994 patients between the ages of 13 and 19 underwent plastic surgery compared to just over 218,900 patients in the same age group in 2010.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=2018 Cosmetic Surgery Age Distribution |url=https://www.plasticsurgery.org/documents/News/Statistics/2018/cosmetic-procedures-ages-13-19-2018.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.plasticsurgery.org/documents/News/Statistics/2018/cosmetic-procedures-ages-13-19-2018.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=Aug 29, 2022 |website=American Society of Plastic Surgeons}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2010 Cosmetic Surgery Age Distribution |url=https://www.plasticsurgery.org/documents/News/Statistics/2010/cosmetic-procedures-ages-13-19-2010.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.plasticsurgery.org/documents/News/Statistics/2010/cosmetic-procedures-ages-13-19-2010.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=Aug 29, 2022 |website=American Society of Plastic Surgeons}}</ref> Concerns about young people undergoing plastic surgery include the financial burden of additional surgical procedures needed to correct problems after the initial cosmetic surgery, long-term health complications from plastic surgery, and unaddressed mental health issues that may have led to surgery.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zuckerman D, Abraham A | title = Teenagers and cosmetic surgery: focus on breast augmentation and liposuction | journal = The Journal of Adolescent Health | volume = 43 | issue = 4 | pages = 318–24 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18809128 | doi = 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.04.018 }}</ref> The increased use of cosmetic procedures crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases seen among African-Americans, Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as Caucasian Americans. In Asia, cosmetic surgery has become more popular, and countries such as China and India have become Asia's biggest cosmetic surgery markets.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/skin-beauty/news/20100809/india-china-among-plastic-surgery-capitals India, China Among Plastic Surgery Hot Spots] – WebMD</ref> South Korea is also rising in popularity in Asian and Western countries due to their expertise in facial bone surgeries (see [[cosmetic surgery in South Korea]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/9789819749911 |title=Facial Bone Contouring Surgery |language=en}}</ref>

Plastic surgery is increasing slowly, rising 115% from 2000 to 2015. "According to the annual plastic surgery procedural statistics, there were 15.9 million surgical and minimally-invasive cosmetic procedures performed in the United States in 2015, a 2 percent increase over 2014."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/press-releases/new-statistics-reflect-the-changing-face-of-plastic-surgery|title=New Statistics Reflect the Changing Face of Plastic Surgery|date=25 February 2015|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref> A study from 2021 found that requests for cosmetic procedures had increased significantly since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, possibly due to the increase in [[Videotelephony|videoconferencing]];<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Padley RH, Di Pace B | title = Touch-ups, Rejuvenation, Re-dos and Revisions: Remote Communication and Cosmetic Surgery on the Rise | journal = Aesthetic Plastic Surgery | date = April 2021 | volume = 45 | issue = 6 | pages = 3078–3080 | pmid = 33797578 | pmc = 8018227 | doi = 10.1007/s00266-021-02235-1 }}</ref> cited estimates include a 10% increase in the United States and a 20% increase in France.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-11|title=Covid-19 is fuelling a Zoom-boom in cosmetic surgery|newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/04/11/covid-19-is-fuelling-a-zoom-boom-in-cosmetic-surgery|access-date=2021-06-18|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

The most popular aesthetic/cosmetic procedures include:
* [[Abdominoplasty]] ("tummy tuck"): reshaping and firming of the [[abdomen]]
* [[Blepharoplasty]] ("eyelid surgery"): reshaping of upper/lower eyelids including [[Asian blepharoplasty]]
** While '''blepharoplasty''' remains the most common procedure for modifying eyelid shape, '''non-surgical alternatives''' are increasingly sought after, especially in East Asia.   
** Methods such as '''double eyelid tape, eyelid glue, and structured eyelid training systems''' allow individuals to temporarily or semi-permanently create a '''double eyelid crease''' without surgery. Some of these products, such as '''D-UP Eyelid Tape''', '''AB Mezical''', and '''Optifold''', use mechanical reinforcement to '''encourage crease retention''' over time.   
** Unlike traditional adhesive-based tapes, '''structured eyelid training tapes''' aim to replicate '''mechanotransduction'''—a biological process where '''skin tension encourages crease formation'''. Studies on long-term non-surgical crease retention remain limited, but anecdotal evidence suggests some users achieve '''lasting results after sustained use'''.

* [[Phalloplasty]] ("penile surgery"): construction (or reconstruction) of a penis or, sometimes, artificial modification of the penis by surgery, often for cosmetic purposes
* [[Mammoplasty]]:
** [[Breast augmentation]]s ("[[breast implant]]" or "boob job"): augmentation of the [[breast]]s by means of fat grafting, saline, or silicone gel prosthetics, which was initially performed for women with [[micromastia]]
** [[Reduction mammoplasty]] ("breast reduction"): removal of skin and glandular tissue, which is done to reduce back and shoulder pain in women with [[gigantomastia]] and for men with [[gynecomastia]]
** [[Mastopexy]] ("breast lift"): Lifting or reshaping of breasts to make them less saggy, often after weight loss (after a pregnancy, for example). It involves the removal of breast skin as opposed to glandular tissue
*** Augmentation mastopexy ("breast lift with breast implants"): Lifting breasts to make them less saggy, repositioning the nipple to a higher location, and increasing breast size with saline or silicone gel implants. Recent studies of a newer technique for simultaneous augmentation mastopexy (SAM) indicate that it is a safe surgical procedure with minimal medical complications.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stevens WG, Macias LH, Spring M, Stoker DA, Chacón CO, Eberlin SA | title = One-Stage Augmentation Mastopexy: A Review of 1192 Simultaneous Breast Augmentation and Mastopexy Procedures in 615 Consecutive Patients | journal = Aesthetic Surgery Journal | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 723–732 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24792479 | doi = 10.1177/1090820X14531434 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The SAM technique involves invaginating and tacking the tissues first, in order to previsualize the result, before making any surgical incisions to the breast.<ref name="r8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Eisenberg T | title = Simultaneous augmentation mastopexy: a technique for maximum en bloc skin resection using the inverted-T pattern regardless of implant size, asymmetry, or ptosis | journal = Aesthetic Plastic Surgery | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 349–54 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 21853404 | doi = 10.1007/s00266-011-9796-7 | s2cid = 19402937 }}</ref>
* [[Buttock augmentation]] ("butt implant"): enhancement of the [[buttock]]s using silicone implants or fat grafting ("Brazilian butt lift") where fat is transferred from other areas of the body
* [[Cryolipolysis]]: refers to a medical device used to destroy fat cells. Its principle relies on controlled cooling for the non-invasive local reduction of fat deposits to reshape body contours.
* [[Cryoneuromodulation]]: Treatment of superficial and subcutaneous tissue structures using gaseous [[nitrous oxide]], including temporary wrinkle reduction, temporary pain reduction, treatment of dermatologic conditions, and focal cryo-treatment of tissue
* Calf augmentation: done by silicone implants or fat transfer to add bulk to calf muscles
* [[Labiaplasty]]: surgical reduction and reshaping of the [[labia (genitalia)|labia]]
* [[Lip augmentation]]: alters the appearance of the lips by increasing their fullness through surgical enlargement with lip implants or nonsurgical enhancement with injectable fillers
* [[Cheiloplasty]]: surgical reconstruction of the lip
* [[Rhinoplasty]] ("nose job"): reshaping of the [[human nose|nose]] sometimes used to correct breathing impaired by structural defects.
* [[Otoplasty]] ("ear surgery"/"ear pinning"): reshaping of the [[ear]], most often done by pinning the protruding ear closer to the head.
* [[Rhytidectomy]] ("face lift"): removal of wrinkles and signs of aging from the face
** [[Platysmaplasty|Neck lift]]: tightening of lax tissues in the neck. This procedure is often combined with a facelift for lower face rejuvenation.
** [[Browplasty]] ("brow lift" or "forehead lift"): elevates eyebrows, smoothens forehead skin
** Midface lift ("cheek lift"): tightening of the cheeks
* [[Genioplasty]]: augmentation of the [[chin]] with an individual's bones or with the use of an implant, usually silicone, by suture of the soft tissue<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Facial bone contouring surgery: a practical guide |vauthors=Park S |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-2726-0 |location=Singapore |oclc=1004601615}}{{page needed|date=September 2018}}</ref> 
** [[Mentoplasty]]: surgery to the chin. This can involve either enhancing or reducing the size of the chin. Enhancements are achieved with the use of facial implants. Reduction of the chin involves reducing the size of the chin bone.<ref>{{cite web | title = What is chin surgery? | url = https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/chin-surgery | publisher = American Society of Plastic Surgeons }}</ref>
* [[Cheek augmentation]] ("cheek implant"): implants to the cheek
* [[Orthognathic surgery]]: altering the upper and lower jaw bones (through osteotomy) to correct jaw alignment issues and correct the teeth alignment
* Fillers injections: [[collagen]], [[fat]], and other tissue filler injections, such as [[hyaluronic acid]]
* [[Brachioplasty]] ("Arm lift"): reducing excess skin and fat between the underarm and the elbow
* [[Laser]] skin rejuvenation or [[laser resurfacing]]: the lessening of the depth of facial pores and exfoliation of dead or damaged skin cells
* [[Liposuction]] ("suction lipectomy"): removal of fat deposits by traditional suction technique or ultrasonic energy to aid fat removal
* [[Zygoma reduction plasty]]: reducing the facial width by performing osteotomy and resecting part of the zygomatic bone and arch<ref name=":0" />
* [[Jaw reduction]]: reduction of the mandible angle to smooth out an angular jaw and creating a slim jaw<ref name=":0" />
* [[Buccal fat pad#Clinical uses|Buccal fat extraction]]: extraction of the buccal pads
* [[Body contouring]]: the removal of this excess skin and fat from numerous areas of the body, restoring the appearance of skin elasticity of the remaining skin. The surgery is prominent in those who have undergone significant [[weight loss]], resulting in excess sagging skin being present around areas of the body. The skin loses [[elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] (a condition called [[elastosis]]<ref>{{Cite book|title = Fast Living Slow Ageing: How to age less, look great, live longer, get more| vauthors = Marie K, Thomas MC |publisher = Health Inform Pty Ltd|year = 2013|isbn = 978-0-9806339-2-4|location = Strawberry Hills, Australia|pages = 229–311|chapter = 33|edition = 4th}}</ref>) once it has been stretched past capacity and is unable to recoil back to its standard position against the body and also with age.<ref>{{cite web | title = What is body contouring? | url = https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/body-contouring | publisher = American Society of Plastic Surgeons }}</ref>
* [[Sclerotherapy]]: removing visible '[[Telangiectasia|spider veins]]' (Telangiectasia), which appear on the surface of the skin.<ref>{{cite web | title = Spider Vein Treatment | url = https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/spider-vein-treatment | publisher = American Society of Plastic Surgeons }}</ref>
* [[Dermal filler]]s: Dermal fillers are injected below the skin to give a more fuller, more youthful appearance of a feature or section of the face. One type of dermal filler is hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid is naturally found throughout the human body. It plays a vital role in moving [[nutrient]]s to the cells of the skin from the blood. It is also commonly used in patients with [[arthritis]] as it acts like a cushion to the bones which have depleted the [[Hyaline cartilage|articular cartilage]] casing. Development within this field has occurred over time with synthetic forms of hyaluronic acid is being created, playing roles in other forms of cosmetic surgery such as facial augmentation.<ref>{{cite web | title = What are dermal fillers? | url = https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/dermal-fillers | publisher = American Society of Plastic Surgeons }}</ref>
* [[Micropigmentation]]: is the creation of permanent makeup using natural pigments to places such as the eyes to create the effect of eye shadow, lips creating lipstick and cheek bones to create a blush like look. The pigment is inserted beneath the skin using a machine which injects a small needle at a very fast rate carrying pigment into the skin, creating a lasting colouration of the desired area.

In 2015, the most popular surgeries were botox, liposuction, blepharoplasties, breast implants, rhynoplasties, and rhytidectomies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/beauty/treatments/most-popular-cosmetic-procedures|title=The Most Popular Cosmetic Procedures|website=WebMD|access-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910172447/http://www.webmd.com/beauty/treatments/most-popular-cosmetic-procedures|archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> According to the 2020 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report, which is published by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the most surgical procedure performed in the U.S. was rhinoplasty (nose reshaping) accounting for 15.2% of all cosmetic surgical procedures that year, followed by blepharoplasty (eyelid surgery), which accounted for 14% of all procedures. The third most populous procedure was rhytidectomy (facelift) (10% of all procedures), then liposuction (9.1% of all procedures).<ref>{{Cite web |last=The American Board of Plastic Surgery |date=2021 |title=2020 Plastic Surgery Statistics {{!}} Cosmetic Procedure Trends |url=https://www.plasticsurgery.org/documents/News/Statistics/2020/cosmetic-procedure-trends-2020.pdf}}</ref>