Editing Pinyin (section)

== Typography and encoding ==
Based on the "Chinese Romanization" section of ISO 7098:2015, pinyin tone marks should use the symbols from [[Combining Diacritical Marks]], as opposed by the use of [[Spacing Modifier Letters]] in bopomofo. Lowercase letters with tone marks are included in [[GB 2312]] and their uppercase counterparts are included in [[JIS X 0212]];<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/ch07.pdf#G2960 |title=Unicode 14.0 Core Specification |publisher=Unicode |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-936213-29-0 |edition=14.0 |location=Mountain View, CA |page=297 |chapter=Chapter 7: Europe-I}}</ref> thus Unicode includes all the common accented characters from pinyin.<ref name="thetype-pinyin">{{Cite web |author1-last=Liu |author1-first=Eric Q. |title=The Type—Wǒ ài pīnyīn! |url=https://www.thetype.com/2017/08/11606/#pinyin-yin |website=The Type |access-date=2020-06-04}}</ref> Other punctuation mark and symbols in Chinese are to use the equivalent symbol in English noted in to GB 15834.

According to GB 16159, all accented letters are required to have both uppercase and lowercase characters as per their normal counterparts.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Accent alphabets in Hanyu Pinyin<ref name="thetype-pinyin"/>{{ref label|pinyin-yellow|a}}{{ref label|pinyin-grey|b}}
|-
! colspan="2" | Letter !! First tone !! Second tone !! Third tone !! Fourth tone
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Combining Diacritical Marks]] || ◌̄ (U+0304) || ◌́ (U+0301) || ◌̌ (U+030C)|| ◌̀ (U+0300)
|-
| colspan="6" | Common letters
|-
| rowspan="6" | Uppercase || A || Ā (U+0100) || Á (U+00C1) || Ǎ (U+01CD) || À (U+00C0)
|-
| E || Ē (U+0112) || É (U+00C9) || Ě (U+011A) || È (U+00C8)
|-
| I || Ī (U+012A) || Í (U+00CD) || Ǐ (U+01CF) || Ì (U+00CC)
|-
| O || Ō (U+014C) || Ó (U+00D3) || Ǒ (U+01D1) || Ò (U+00D2)
|-
| U || Ū (U+016A) || Ú (U+00DA) || Ǔ (U+01D3) || Ù (U+00D9)
|-
| Ü (U+00DC) || style="background:grey;color:white" | Ǖ (U+01D5) || Ǘ (U+01D7) || Ǚ (U+01D9) || Ǜ (U+01DB)
|-
| rowspan="6" | Lowercase || a || ā (U+0101) || á (U+00E1) || ǎ (U+01CE) || à (U+00E0)
|-
| e || ē (U+0113) || é (U+00E9) || ě (U+011B) || è (U+00E8)
|-
| i || ī (U+012B) || í (U+00ED) || ǐ (U+01D0) || ì (U+00EC)
|-
| o || ō (U+014D) || ó (U+00F3) || ǒ (U+01D2) || ò (U+00F2)
|-
| u || ū (U+016B) || ú (U+00FA) || ǔ (U+01D4) || ù (U+00F9)
|-
| ü (U+00FC) || style="background:grey;color:white" | ǖ (U+01D6) || ǘ (U+01D8) || ǚ (U+01DA) || ǜ (U+01DC)
|-
| colspan="6" | Rare letters
|-
| rowspan="3" | Uppercase || Ê (U+00CA) || style="background:yellow" | Ê̄ (U+00CA U+0304) || Ế (U+1EBE) || style="background:yellow" | Ê̌ (U+00CA U+030C) || Ề (U+1EC0)
|-
| M || style="background:yellow" | M̄ (U+004D U+0304) || Ḿ (U+1E3E) || style="background:grey;color:white" | M̌ (U+004D U+030C) || style="background:yellow" | M̀ (U+004D U+0300)
|-
| N || style="background:grey;color:white" | N̄ (U+004E U+0304) || Ń (U+0143) || Ň (U+0147) || Ǹ (U+01F8)
|-
| rowspan="3" | Lowercase || ê (U+00EA) || style="background:yellow" | ê̄ (U+00EA U+0304) || ế (U+1EBF) || style="background:yellow" | ê̌ (U+00EA U+030C) || ề (U+1EC1)
|-
| m || style="background:yellow" | m̄ (U+006D U+0304) || ḿ (U+1E3F) || style="background:grey;color:white" | m̌ (U+006D U+030C) || style="background:yellow" | m̀ (U+006D U+0300)
|-
| n || style="background:grey;color:white" | n̄ (U+006E U+0304) || ń (U+0144) || ň (U+0148) || ǹ (U+01F9)
|-
| colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left" | '''Notes'''
:a.{{note|pinyin-yellow}} <span style="background:yellow">Yellow cells</span> indicate that there are no single Unicode character for that letter; the character shown here uses Combining Diacritical Mark characters to display the letter.<ref name="thetype-pinyin"/>
:b.{{note|pinyin-grey}} <span style="background:grey;color:white">Grey cells</span> indicate that ''[[Xiandai Hanyu Cidian]]'' does not include pinyin with that specific letter.<ref name="thetype-pinyin"/>
|}

[[GBK (character encoding)|GBK]] has mapped two characters {{angbr|ḿ}} and {{angbr|ǹ}} to [[Private Use Areas]] in Unicode respectively, thus some fonts (e.g. SimSun) that adhere to GBK include both characters in the Private Use Areas, and some input methods (e.g. Sogou Pinyin) also outputs the Private Use Areas code point instead of the original character. As the superset [[GB 18030]] changed the mappings of {{angbr|ḿ}} and {{angbr|ǹ}}, this has caused an issue where the input methods and font files use different encoding standards, and thus the input and output of both characters are mixed up.<ref name="thetype-pinyin" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Shorthand pinyin letters<ref name="thetype-pinyin"/>
|-
! Uppercase !! Lowercase !! Note !! Example
|-
| Ĉ (U+0108) || ĉ (U+0109) || Abbreviation of ''ch'' || {{zhi|s=长|t=長}} can be spelled as {{tlit|zh|ĉáŋ}}
|-
| Ŝ (U+015C) || ŝ (U+015D) || Abbreviation of ''sh'' || {{zhi|s=伤|t=傷}} can be spelled as {{tlit|zh|ŝāŋ}}
|-
| Ẑ (U+1E90) || ẑ (U+1E91) || Abbreviation of ''zh'' || {{zhi|s=张|t=張}} can be spelled as {{tlit|zh|Ẑāŋ}}
|-
| Ŋ (U+014A) || ŋ (U+014B) || Abbreviation of ''ng'' || {{ubl|{{zhi|s=让|t=讓}} can be spelled as {{tlit|zh|ràŋ}} | {{zhi|c=嗯}} can be spelled as {{tlit|zh|ŋ̀}}}}
|-
|}

Other symbols are used in pinyin are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Symbol comparison
! Chinese !! Pinyin !! Usage !! Example
|-
| {{unichar|3002|IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP}}
| {{unichar|2E|FULL STOP}}
| End of sentence
| {{zhi|c=你好。}} {{nwr|{{tlit|zh|Nǐ hǎo.}}}}
|-
| {{ubl|{{unichar|FF0C|FULLWIDTH COMMA}} | {{unichar|3001|IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA}}}}
| {{unichar|2C|COMMA}}
| Connecting clauses
| {{zhi|c=你，好吗？}} {{nwr|{{tlit|zh|Nǐ, hǎo ma?}}}}
|-
| {{unichar|2014|EM DASH}} (×2)
| {{unichar|2014|EM DASH}}
| Division of clauses mid-sentence
| {{zhi|c=枢纽部分——中央大厅}} {{nwr|{{tlit|zh|shūniǔ bùfèn — zhōngyāng dàtīng}}}}
|-
| {{unichar|2026|HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS}} (×2)
| {{unichar|2026|HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS}}
| Redaction of part of a passage
| {{typo| {{zhi|c=我……}} {{nwr|{{tlit|zh|Wǒ…}}}}}}
|-
| rowspan="3" {{n/a}}
| {{unichar|B7|MIDDLE DOT}}
| Neutral tone marker placed before the syllable
| {{zhi|c=吗}} {{nwr|{{tlit|zh|·ma}}}}
|-
| {{unichar|2D|HYPHEN-MINUS}}
| Hyphenation of abbreviated compounds
| {{zhi|c=公关}} {{nwr|{{tlit|zh|gōng-guān}}}}
|-
| {{unichar|27|APOSTROPHE}}
| Syllable segmentation
| {{zhi|c=西安}} - {{tlit|zh|Xī'ān}} {{nwr|(compared to {{zhi|c=先}} - {{tlit|zh|xiān}})}}
|}