Editing Permian–Triassic extinction event (section)

=== Terrestrial invertebrates ===
Most fossil insect groups found after the Permian–Triassic boundary differ significantly from those before: Of Paleozoic insect groups, only the [[Glosselytrodea]], [[Miomoptera]], and [[Protorthoptera]] have been discovered in deposits from after the extinction. The [[caloneurodea]]ns, [[Palaeodictyopteroidea|paleodictyopteroids]], [[protelytroptera]]ns, and [[protodonata|protodonates]] became extinct by the end of the Permian. Though Triassic insects are very different from those of the Permian, a gap in the insect fossil record spans approximately 15&nbsp;million years from the late Permian to early Triassic. In well-documented Late Triassic deposits, fossils overwhelmingly consist of modern fossil insect groups.<ref name="Labandeira" />

[[Microbially induced sedimentary structure|Microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS)]] dominated North Chinese terrestrial fossil assemblages in the Early Triassic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zheng |first1=Wei |last2=Wan |first2=En-zhao |last3=Xu |first3=Xin |last4=Li |first4=Da |last5=Dai |first5=Ming-yue |last6=Qi |first6=Yong-An |last7=Xing |first7=Zhi-Feng |last8=Liu |first8=Yun-Long |date=March 2023 |title=The variations of terrestrial trace fossils and sedimentary substrates after the end-Permian extinction in the Dengfeng area, North China |url=https://www.x-mol.net/paper/article/1598892923253477376 |journal=[[Geological Journal]] |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=1223–1238 |doi=10.1002/gj.4657 |bibcode=2023GeolJ..58.1223Z |s2cid=254207982 |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="MicrobialMatsNorthChina">{{cite journal |last1=Chu |first1=Daoliang |last2=Tong |first2=Jinnan |last3=Bottjer |first3=David J. |last4=Song |first4=Haijun |last5=Song |first5=Huyue |last6=Benton |first6=Michael James |last7=Tian |first7=Li |last8=Guo |first8=Wenwei |date=15 May 2017 |title=Microbial mats in the terrestrial Lower Triassic of North China and implications for the Permian–Triassic mass extinction |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003101821630205X |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=474 |pages=214–231 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.06.013 |bibcode=2017PPP...474..214C |hdl=1983/95966174-157e-4814-b73f-6901ff9b9bf8 |access-date=23 December 2022|hdl-access=free }}</ref> In Arctic Canada as well, MISS became a common occurrence following the Permian-Triassic extinction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wignall |first1=Paul Barry |last2=Bond |first2=David P. G. |last3=Grasby |first3=Stephen E. |last4=Pruss |first4=Sarah B. |last5=Peakall |first5=Jeffrey |date=30 August 2019 |title=Controls on the formation of microbially induced sedimentary structures and biotic recovery in the Lower Triassic of Arctic Canada |journal=[[Geological Society of America Bulletin]] |volume=132 |issue=5–6 |pages=918–930 |doi=10.1130/B35229.1 |s2cid=202194000 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The prevalence of MISS in many Early Triassic rocks shows that microbial mats were an important feature of post-extinction ecosystems that were denuded of bioturbators that would have otherwise prevented their widespread occurrence. The disappearance of MISS later in the Early Triassic likely indicated a greater recovery of terrestrial ecosystems and specifically a return of prevalent bioturbation.<ref name="MicrobialMatsNorthChina" />