Editing Pennsylvania Dutch (section)

==Society== 
[[File:George W. Bush meets with Amish and Mennonite residents in Lancaster.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[George W. Bush]] meeting Amish and Mennonites in Lancaster, Pennsylvania]]
[[File:First Black Judge of Pennsylvania Herbert Millen, Pennnsylvania Dutch Speaker.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Herbert Millen, Pennsylvania's first Black Judge spoke fluent [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]; he was born and raised in [[Strasburg, Pennsylvania|Strasburg]], [[Pennsylvania Dutch Country]].]]
{{main|Fancy Dutch|Plain people}}

Pennsylvania Dutch society can be divided into two main groups: the sectarian "Plain Dutch" and the nonsectarian "Church Dutch" also known as "Fancy Dutch".<ref>Lee C. Hopple, "Spatial organization of the southeastern Pennsylvania plain Dutch group culture region to 1975." ''Pennsylvania Folklife'' 29.1 (1979): 13-26.</ref><ref>Rian Larkin, "Plain, Fancy and Fancy-Plain: The Pennsylvania Dutch in the 21st Century." (2018).</ref> These classifications highlight differences in religious practices, lifestyle, and degrees of assimilation into broader American society.

The Plain Dutch consist of Anabaptist sects, including the Amish, Mennonites, and Brethren. They are known for their conservative, simple lifestyle, characterized by plain dress and limited use of modern technology. These communities typically reside in rural areas, maintaining traditional farming practices and close-knit communal living. Pennsylvania Dutch (a dialect of German) is widely spoken among them, both in daily life and religious settings. The Plain Dutch adhere strictly to their religious and community norms, emphasizing a strong cultural and religious identity with minimal integration into mainstream American culture.

The Church Dutch, in contrast, belong to more mainstream Protestant denominations such as Lutheran, Reformed, United Church of Christ, and some Methodist and Baptist congregations. This group is more integrated into broader American society and is more likely to adopt modern conveniences and technologies. While they may still preserve some Pennsylvania Dutch traditions and language, English is predominantly used in daily life and religious practices. The Church Dutch exhibit a higher degree of assimilation into American culture, while still retaining elements of their Pennsylvania Dutch heritage.

The primary differences between these groups lie in their religious practices, lifestyle, language use, and cultural integration. The Plain Dutch are more conservative and focused on maintaining their distinct cultural identity, whereas the Church Dutch are more assimilated and open to modern influences. In time the Fancy Dutch came to control much of the best agricultural lands, ran many newspapers and maintained their German-inspired architecture when founding new towns in Pennsylvania.<ref name="damndutch">{{cite book |title=Damn Dutch: Pennsylvania Germans at Gettysburg|author=David L. Valuska, Christian B. Keller|year=2004|publisher=Stackpole Books|location=United States of America|pages=5,6,9,216}}</ref>

There is little evidence specifically of Black Pennsylvania Dutch speakers during the early 19th century; following the Civil War, some Black Southerners who had moved to Pennsylvania developed close ties with the Pennsylvania Dutch community, adopting the language and assimilating into the culture. An 1892 article in ''[[The New York Sun]]'' noted a community of "Pennsylvania German Negroes" in [[Lebanon County, Pennsylvania|Lebanon County]] for whom German was their first language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mkifriends.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/MKI_Summer-2021_Newsletter.pdf |title=African Americans and the German Language in America |publisher=[[Max Kade Institute]] |accessdate=2023-07-30}}</ref>

Today Pennsylvania Dutch culture is still prevalent in some parts of Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Dutch speak English, with some being bilingual in English and Pennsylvania Dutch. They share cultural similarities with the Mennonites in the same area. Pennsylvania Dutch English retains some German grammar and literally translated vocabulary, some phrases include "outen or out'n the lights" (German: ''{{Lang|de|die Lichter ausmachen}}'') meaning "turn off the lights", "it's gonna make wet" (German: ''{{Lang|de|es wird nass}}'') meaning "it's going to rain", and "it's all" (German: ''{{Lang|de|es ist alle}}'') meaning "it's all gone". They also sometimes leave out the verb in phrases turning "the trash needs to go out" in to "the trash needs out" (German: ''{{Lang|de|der Abfall muss raus}}''), in alignment with German grammar.

===Cuisine===
{{main|Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch}}
The Pennsylvania Dutch have some foods that are uncommon outside of places where they live. Some of these include [[Shoofly pie|shoo-fly pie]], [[funnel cake]], pepper cabbage, filling and jello salads such as strawberry pretzel salad.

===Religion===
[[File:A young Amish woman from Lancaster County serves fresh-cooked soft pretzels, a time-honored Philadelphia delicacy at the Reading Terminal Market in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania LCCN2011633595.tif|thumb|upright=1|A young [[Amish]] woman from [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]]]]

The Pennsylvania Dutch maintain numerous religious affiliations; the greatest number are [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] or [[Evangelical and Reformed Church|German Reformed]] with a lesser number of [[Anabaptist]]s, including [[Mennonites]], [[Amish]], and [[Schwarzenau Brethren|Brethren]]. The Anabaptist groups espoused a simple lifestyle, and their adherents were known as [[Plain people|Plain Dutch]]; this contrasts with the [[Fancy Dutch]], mostly of the Lutheran, or Evangelical and Reformed churches, who tended to assimilate more easily into the American mainstream. By the late 1700s, other denominations were also represented in smaller numbers.<ref>{{cite web |author=Donald F. Durnbaugh |title=Pennsylvania's Crazy Quilt of German Religious Groups |url=https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/download/25670/25439 |access-date=August 28, 2017 |website=Journals.psu.edu}}</ref>

Among immigrants from the 1600s and 1700s, those known as the Pennsylvania Dutch included Mennonites, Swiss Brethren (also called Mennonites by the locals) and Amish but also Anabaptist-Pietists such as [[Schwarzenau Brethren|German Baptist Brethren]] and those who belonged to German [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Lutheran]] or [[Reformed Church in the United States|German Reformed Church]] congregations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://padutch.net/what-is-pd/|title=What is Pennsylvania Dutch?|date=May 24, 2014|website=Padutch.net|access-date=August 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anabaptists.org/history/german-migration-to-north-america.html|title=The Germans Come to North America|website=Anabaptists.org|access-date=August 28, 2017}}</ref> Other settlers of that era were of the Moravian Church while a few were [[Seventh Day Baptists]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibSjAQAAQBAJ&q=Pennsylvania+Dutch+Lutherans&pg=PT36|title=Making Authentic Pennsylvania Dutch Furniture: With Measured Drawings|first=John G.|last=Shea|date=December 27, 2012|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=9780486157627|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/pennsylvaniadut00gibbgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/pennsylvaniadut00gibbgoog/page/n175 171]|quote=Seventh Day Baptists pennsylvania dutch.|title="Pennsylvania Dutch": And Other Essays|first=Phebe Earle|last=Gibbons|date=August 28, 1882|publisher=J.B. Lippincott & Company|access-date=August 28, 2017|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Calvinist Palatines and several other denominations were also represented to a lesser extent.<ref name="auto3">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAXPBAAAQBAJ&q=calvinist&pg=PA130|title=Moravian Architecture and Town Planning: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Other Eighteenth-Century American Settlements|first=William J.|last=Murtagh|date=August 28, 1967|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0812216377|access-date=August 28, 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/download/25670/25439|format=PDF|title=Pennsylvania's Crazy Quilt of German Religious Groups|author=Donald F. Durnbaugh|website=Journals.psu.edu|access-date=August 28, 2017}}</ref>

Over sixty percent of the immigrants who arrived in Pennsylvania from Germany or Switzerland in the 1700s and 1800s were Lutherans and they maintained good relations with those of the German Reformed Church.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAXPBAAAQBAJ&q=moravians+pennsylvania+dutch&pg=PA130|title=Moravian Architecture and Town Planning: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Other Eighteenth-Century American Settlements|first=William J.|last=Murtagh|date=August 28, 1967|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0812216377|access-date=August 28, 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref> The two groups founded Franklin College (now [[Franklin & Marshall College]]) in 1787.

According to Elizabeth Pardoe, by 1748, the future of the German culture in Pennsylvania was in doubt, and most of the attention focused on German language schools. Lutheran schools in Germantown and Philadelphia thrived, but most outlying congregations had difficulty recruiting students. Furthermore Lutherans were challenged by Moravians who actively recruited Lutherans to their schools. In the 1750s, Benjamin Franklin led a drive for free charity schools for German students, with the proviso that the schools would minimize Germanness. The leading Lutheran school in Philadelphia school had internal political problems in the 1760s, but Pastor [[Henry Melchior Muhlenberg]] resolved them. The arrival of [[John Christopher Kunze]] from Germany in 1770 gave impetus to the Halle model in America. Kunze began training clergy and teachers in the Halle system. Reverend Heinrich Christian Helmuth arrived in 1779 and called for preaching only in German, while seeking government subsidies. A major issue was the long-term fate of German culture in Pennsylvania, with most solutions focused on schools. Helmuth saw schools as central to the future of the ethnic community. However  most Lutheran clergy believed in assimilation and rejected Helmuth's call to drop English instruction. Kunze's seminary failed, but the first German college in the United States was founded in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1787 as Franklin College; it was later renamed [[Franklin and Marshall College]].<ref>Elizabeth Lewis Pardoe,  "Poor children and enlightened citizens: Lutheran education in America, 1748-1800." ''Pennsylvania History'' 68.2 (2001): 162-201. [https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/download/25677/25446 online]</ref><ref>Leonard R. Riforgiato, ''Missionary of moderation: Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and the Lutheran Church in America'' (1980)</ref><ref>Samuel R. Zeiser, "Moravians and Lutherans: Getting beyond the Zinzendorf-Muhlenberg Impasse", ''Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society'', 1994, Vol. 28, pp. 15–29</ref> The Moravians settled Bethlehem and nearby areas and established schools for Native Americans.<ref name="auto3"/>

In Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania Dutch [[History of the Jews in Germany|Jews]] have often maintained a special relationship due to their common German language and cultural heritage. Because both [[Yiddish]] and the Pennsylvania Dutch language are [[High German]] languages, there are strong similarities between the two languages and a limited degree of [[mutual intelligibility]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/oral-histories/excerpts/woh-ex-0001571/yiddish-and-pennsylvania-dutch |title=Yiddish and Pennsylvania Dutch |publisher=[[Yiddish Book Center]] |access-date=2022-06-05}}</ref> Historically, Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania Dutch Jews often had overlapping bonds in German-American business and community life. Due to this historical bond there are several mixed-faith cemeteries in [[Lehigh County, Pennsylvania|Lehigh County]], including Allentown's Fairview Cemetery, where German-Americans of both the Jewish and Protestant faiths are buried.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1987-05-01-2578726-story.html |title=German Jews' Ties With Pa. Dutch Explored in Talk |date=May 1987 |publisher=[[The Morning Call]] |access-date=2022-06-05}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Main|Pennsylvania Dutch language}}
[[File:Deitsch 2015-01.jpg|thumb|Pennsylvania Dutch arts history in [[Pennsylvania Dutch language]]]]
Although speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch can be found among both sectarians and nonsectarians, most speakers belong to the [[Old Order Amish]] and [[Old Order Mennonite]]s. Nearly all Amish and Mennonites are naturally [[Multilingualism|bilingual]], speaking both Pennsylvania Dutch and English natively.<ref name="Louden"/> The Pennsylvania Dutch language is based on [[High German|German dialects]] which have been significantly influenced by English, primarily in terms of vocabulary. Based on dialect features, Pennsylvania Dutch can be classified as a variety of [[Rhine Franconian dialects|Rhine Franconian]], with the [[Palatine German dialects]] being most closely related.<ref name=mtp/><ref name=js/> The language is both commonly referred to as ''Pennsylvania Dutch'' and ''Pennsylvania German'', with the latter being more common in scholarly publications.<ref name="Louden"/>

The primary use of Pennsylvania Dutch, both historically and today, has focussed on spoken communication. Although there is a relatively large collection of written texts in the language dating back to the mid-nineteenth century (such as newspaper columns, short stories, poems, plays, and dialogues) their production and reception have been limited to a minority of speakers. The significance of English among today's sectarians extends far beyond its use for communication with outsiders for business and other purposes as English is the primary language for active literacy. While Amish and Mennonite sectarians can read the Bible, prayer books, and hymnals in German, most other reading materials are in English.<ref name="Louden"/> Research has show that nonsectarian speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch have a more pronounced Pennsylvania Dutch accent when speaking English compared to sectarian speakers such as the Old Order Amish or Old Order Mennonites.<ref>Glenn G. Gilbert: Studies in Contact Linguistics: Essays in Honor of Glenn G. Gilbert, Austria, P. Lang, 2006, pp. 130.</ref>

In the 20th century, the linguists Albert F. Buffington and Preston A. Barba developed a system for writing Pennsylvania Dutch that was largely based on contemporary German orthography, however this is not in common use. No prescribed norms for writing Pennsylvania Dutch exist and in practice most speakers orientate themselves on both German and English spelling systems.<ref name="Louden"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Poem by [[John Birmelin]] (1873-1950) on how to spell Pennsylvania German:<ref name="Louden"/>
|-
! Pennsylvania German  !! Standard German !! English
|-
| Saagt mer mol, wie soll mer schpelle. || Sag mir mal, wie sollen wir buchstabieren?  || So tell me, how should you spell?
|-
| Sel macht immer bissel Schtreit; || Das macht immer ein bisschen Streit; || That always makes a bit of an argument.
|-
| was ner nau net hawwe welle, || was wir nun nicht haben wollen, || What you don't want to deal with,
|-
| schiebt mer graad mol uf die Seit. || schieben wir gerade mal auf die Seite. || you just push off to the side.
|-
|  Saagt, wie soll mer buchschtawiere, || Sag mir mal, wie sollen wir buchstabieren, || Tell me, how should you orthographize,
|-
| in de scheene deitsche Schproch! || in der schönen deutschen Sprache! || in beautiful Pennsylvania Dutch language!
|-
| Brauch mer noh ke Zeit verliere, || Brauchen wir nur keine Zeit zu verlieren, || No point in wasting any time,
|-
| macht mer's ewwe yuscht so nooch. || machen wir es eben just so nach. || you just follow whatever model you please.
|}

Due to [[anti-German sentiment]] between [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the use of the Pennsylvania Dutch language declined, except among the more insular and tradition-bound [[Plain people]], such as the Old Order Amish and [[Old Order Mennonite]]s. Many German cultural practices continue in Pennsylvania in the present-day, and [[Germans|German]] remains the largest ancestry claimed by Pennsylvanians, according to the 2008 census.<ref>{{cite web |author=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en |title=American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211181836/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en |archive-date=February 11, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="merrittgeoprgeyorgey" />