Editing Pathology (section)

===Molecular pathology===
{{Main|Molecular pathology}}

Molecular pathology is focused upon the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or [[bodily fluids]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The molecular pathology of cancer|author=Harris TJ| author2=McCormick F. |date=2010|journal=Nat Rev Clin Oncol|volume=7|issue=5|pages=251–265|pmid=20351699|pmc=2222796|doi=10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.41}}</ref>  Molecular pathology is multidisciplinary by nature and shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic pathology and clinical pathology, [[molecular biology]], [[biochemistry]], [[proteomics]] and [[genetics]].  It is often applied in a context that is as much scientific as directly medical and encompasses the development of molecular and genetic approaches to the diagnosis and classification of human diseases, the design and validation of predictive biomarkers for treatment response and disease progression, and the susceptibility of individuals of different genetic constitution to particular disorders.  The crossover between molecular pathology and [[epidemiology]] is represented by a related field "[[molecular pathological epidemiology]]".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ogino S, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E | year = 2011 | title = Molecular pathological epidemiology of colorectal neoplasia: an emerging transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary field | journal = Gut | volume = 60 | issue = 3| pages = 397–411 | doi=10.1136/gut.2010.217182| pmid = 21036793 | pmc = 3040598}}</ref> Molecular pathology is commonly used in diagnosis of cancer and infectious diseases. Molecular Pathology is primarily used to detect cancers such as melanoma, brainstem glioma, brain tumors as well as many other types of cancer and infectious diseases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Liwei |last2=Pan |first2=Chang-cun |last3=Li |first3=Deling |title=The historical change of brainstem glioma diagnosis and treatment: from imaging to molecular pathology and then molecular imaging |journal=Chinese Neurosurgical Journal |date=December 2015 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4 |doi=10.1186/s41016-015-0006-3|s2cid=29219804 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Techniques are numerous but include [[quantitative polymerase chain reaction]] (qPCR), [[multiplex polymerase chain reaction|multiplex PCR]], [[DNA microarray]], [[in situ hybridization]], [[DNA sequencing]], antibody-based [[immunofluorescence]] tissue assays, molecular profiling of pathogens, and analysis of bacterial genes for [[antimicrobial resistance]].<ref name=Cai2014>{{cite journal|last=Cai|first=H|author2=Caswell JL|author3=Prescott JF|title=Nonculture Molecular Techniques for Diagnosis of Bacterial Disease in Animals: A Diagnostic Laboratory Perspective|journal=Veterinary Pathology|date=March 2014|volume=51|issue=2|pages=341–350|doi=10.1177/0300985813511132|pmid=24569613|doi-access=|s2cid=206510903}}</ref> Techniques used are based on analyzing samples of DNA and RNA. Pathology is widely used for gene therapy and disease diagnosis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Netto |first1=George J |last2=Saad |first2=Rana D |last3=Dysert |first3=Peter A |title=Diagnostic molecular pathology: current techniques and clinical applications, part I. |journal=Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) |date=October 2003 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=379–83 |doi=10.1080/08998280.2003.11927931 |pmid=16278751 |pmc=1214554}}</ref>