Editing Ontology (information science) (section)

== Published examples ==
* [[Arabic Ontology]], a linguistic ontology for Arabic, which can be used as an Arabic Wordnet but with ontologically-clean content.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jarrar |first1=Mustafa |title=The Arabic Ontology -An Arabic Wordnet with Ontologically Clean Content |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346036325 |journal=Applied Ontology |date=2021 |volume=16 |pages=1–26 |access-date=|language=en |doi=10.3233/AO-200241|arxiv=2205.09664 |s2cid=231886117 }}</ref>
* AURUM – Information Security Ontology,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.securityontology.com |title=AURUM - Information Security Ontology |access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> An ontology for [[information security]] knowledge sharing, enabling users to collaboratively understand and extend the domain knowledge body. It may serve as a basis for automated information security risk and compliance management.
* [[BabelNet]], a very large multilingual semantic network and ontology, lexicalized in many languages
* [[Basic Formal Ontology]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/ |title=Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
|publisher=Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science (IFOMIS) }}</ref> a formal upper ontology designed to support scientific research
* BioPAX,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biopax.org/ |title=BioPAX |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-date=25 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625181001/http://www.biopax.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> an ontology for the exchange and interoperability of biological pathway (cellular processes) data
* BMO,<ref>{{cite conference |first1=Alexander |last1=Osterwalder |first2=Yves |last2=Pigneur |author-link2=Yves Pigneur |url=http://129.3.20.41/eps/io/papers/0202/0202004.pdf |title=An e-Business Model Ontology for Modeling e-Business |conference=[[Bled eConference|15th Bled eConference]], [[Slovenia]] |date=June 17–19, 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419183256/http://129.3.20.41/eps/io/papers/0202/0202004.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-19 }}</ref> an e-Business Model Ontology based on a review of enterprise ontologies and business model literature
* SSBMO,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Antony |last1=Upward |first2=Peter |last2=Jones |url=https://www.academia.edu/14461116 |title=An Ontology for Strongly Sustainable Business Models: Defining an Enterprise Framework Compatible with Natural and Social Science |journal=Organization & Environment |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=97–123 |doi=10.1177/1086026615592933 |year=2016|s2cid=145089240 }}</ref> a Strongly Sustainable Business Model Ontology based on a review of the systems based natural and social science literature (including business).  Includes critique of and significant extensions to the Business Model Ontology (BMO).
* CCO and GexKB,<ref>{{cite web|title=About CCO and GexKB|url=http://www.semantic-systems-biology.org/apo/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730222759/http://www.semantic-systems-biology.org/apo/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-30|publisher=Semantic Systems Biology}}</ref> Application Ontologies (APO) that integrate diverse types of knowledge with the Cell Cycle Ontology (CCO) and the Gene Expression Knowledge Base (GexKB)
* CContology (Customer Complaint Ontology),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jarrar.info/CContology/ |title=CContology |access-date=10 February 2011}}</ref> an e-business ontology to support online customer complaint management
* [[CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model]], an ontology for [[cultural heritage]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cidoc-crm.org/ |title=The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) |access-date=10 February 2011}}</ref>
* COSMO,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://micra.com/COSMO/ |title=COSMO |publisher=MICRA Inc.|access-date=10 February 2011}}</ref> a Foundation Ontology (current version in OWL) that is designed to contain representations of all of the primitive concepts needed to logically specify the meanings of any domain entity.  It is intended to serve as a basic ontology that can be used to translate among the representations in other ontologies or databases.  It started as a merger of the basic elements of the OpenCyc and SUMO ontologies, and has been supplemented with other ontology elements (types, relations) so as to include representations of all of the words in the [[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English|Longman dictionary]] [[defining vocabulary]].
* [[Computer Science Ontology]], an automatically generated ontology of research topics in the field of [[computer science]]
* [[Cyc]], a large Foundation Ontology for formal representation of the universe of discourse
* [[Disease Ontology]],<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=19594883 | doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-S1-S6 | pmc=2709267 | volume=10 | title=Annotating the human genome with Disease Ontology | journal=BMC Genomics | page=S6 | last1 = Osborne | first1 = JD | last2 = Flatow | first2 = J | last3 = Holko | first3 = M | last4 = Lin | first4 = SM | last5 = Kibbe | first5 = WA | last6 = Zhu | first6 = LJ | last7 = Danila | first7 = MI | last8 = Feng | first8 = G | last9 = Chisholm | first9 = RL | year=2009| issue=Suppl 1 | doi-access=free }}</ref> designed to facilitate the mapping of diseases and associated conditions to particular medical codes
* [[Upper ontology#DOLCE|DOLCE]], a Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering<ref name="DOLCE"/><ref name="DOLCE-OWL"/>
* Drammar, ontology of drama<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lombardo |first1=Vincenzo |last2=Damiano |first2=Rossana |last3=Pizzo |first3=Antonio |title=The Semantic Web -- ISWC 2018 |chapter=Drammar: A Comprehensive Ontological Resource on Drama|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=2018 |volume=11137 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-00668-6_7 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00668-6_7 |pages=103–118 |isbn=978-3-030-00667-9 |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>
* [[Dublin Core]], a simple ontology for documents and publishing
* Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO),  a business conceptual ontology for the financial industry<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.omg.org/hot-topics/finance.htm |title=Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO) |access-date=15 March 2017}}</ref> 
* Foundational, Core and Linguistic Ontologies<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loa-cnr.it/Ontologies.html
|title=Foundational, Core and Linguistic Ontologies |access-date=10 February 2011}}</ref>
* [[Foundational Model of Anatomy]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sig.biostr.washington.edu/projects/fm/AboutFM.html |title=Foundational Model of Anatomy |access-date=10 February 2011}}</ref> an ontology for human anatomy
* [[FOAF (software)|Friend of a Friend]], an ontology for describing persons, their activities and their relations to other people and objects
* [[Gene Ontology]] for [[genomics]]
* [[Gellish English dictionary]], an ontology that includes a dictionary and taxonomy that includes an upper ontology and a lower ontology that focuses on industrial and business applications in engineering, technology and procurement.
* [[Geopolitical ontology]], an ontology describing geopolitical information created by [[Food and Agriculture Organization]](FAO). The geopolitical ontology includes names in multiple languages (English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Italian); maps standard coding systems (UN, ISO, FAOSTAT, AGROVOC, etc.); provides relations among territories (land borders, group membership, etc.); and tracks historical changes. In addition, FAO provides web services of geopolitical ontology and a module maker to download modules of the geopolitical ontology into different formats (RDF, XML, and EXCEL). See more information at [[FAO Country Profiles]].
* GAO (General Automotive Ontology) – an ontology for the automotive industry that includes 'car' extensions<ref>{{cite web |url=https://makolab.com/en/innovation/schema-org-automotive-extension |title=Car Extension |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=8 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208133218/https://makolab.com/en/innovation/schema-org-automotive-extension |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* GOLD,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fairsharing.org/662 |title=GOLD: record at FAIRsharing.org |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> General Ontology for [[descriptive linguistics|Linguistic Description]]
* GUM (Generalized Upper Model),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/webspace/jb/gum/index.htm |title=Generalized Upper Model |access-date=10 February 2011}}</ref> a linguistically motivated ontology for mediating between clients systems and natural language technology
* [[IDEAS Group]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ideasgroup.org |title=The IDEAS Group Website |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216021632/http://www.ideasgroup.org/ |archive-date=16 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a formal ontology for enterprise architecture being developed by the Australian, Canadian, UK and U.S. Defence Depts.
* Linkbase,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.landcglobal.com/pages/linkbase.php |title=Linkbase |access-date=10 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918063746/http://www.landcglobal.com/pages/linkbase.php |archive-date=18 September 2008 }}</ref> a formal representation of the biomedical domain, founded upon Basic Formal Ontology.
* LPL, Landmark Pattern Language<ref>[https://docs.infor.com/help_lmrk_cloudsuite_11.0/topic/com.lawson.help.developer/InforLandmarkConfigurationConsoleLPL.pdf Configuration Console Reference Guide: Landmark Pattern Language (LPL)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204190029/https://docs.infor.com/help_lmrk_cloudsuite_11.0/topic/com.lawson.help.developer/InforLandmarkConfigurationConsoleLPL.pdf |date=2020-02-04 }}. Retrieved 4 February 2020.</ref>
* NCBO Bioportal,<ref>{{cite web|title=Bioportal|url=http://www.bioontology.org/tools/portal/bioportal.html|publisher=National Center for Biological Ontology (NCBO)|access-date=2013-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612212543/http://www.bioontology.org/tools/portal/bioportal.html|archive-date=2009-06-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> biological and biomedical ontologies and associated tools to search, browse and visualise
* [[NIFSTD]] Ontologies from the [[Neuroscience Information Framework]]: a modular set of ontologies for the neuroscience domain.
* OBO-Edit,<ref>{{cite web|title=Ontology browser for most of the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies|url=http://oboedit.org/?page=index|publisher=Berkeley Bioinformatics Open Source Project (BBOP)|access-date=2013-10-24|archive-date=2013-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203420/http://oboedit.org/?page=index|url-status=dead}}</ref> an ontology browser for most of the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies
* [[OBO Foundry]],<ref name=obofoundry>{{cite web|title=The Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies|url=http://www.obofoundry.org/|publisher=Berkeley Bioinformatics Open Source Project (BBOP)}}</ref> a suite of interoperable reference ontologies in biology and biomedicine
* OMNIBUS Ontology,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edont.qee.jp/omnibus/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719151539/http://edont.qee.jp/omnibus/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 July 2012 |title=OMNIBUS Ontology |access-date=10 February 2011 }}</ref> an ontology of learning, instruction, and instructional design
* [[Ontology for Biomedical Investigations]], an open-access, integrated ontology of biological and clinical investigations
* ONSTR,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://nbsdc.org/onstr.php |title= ONSTR |access-date= 16 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140416231158/https://nbsdc.org/onstr.php |archive-date= 16 April 2014 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Ontology for Newborn Screening Follow-up and Translational Research, Newborn Screening Follow-up Data Integration Collaborative, Emory University, Atlanta.
* Plant Ontology<ref name="Plant Ontology">{{cite web |url=http://www.plantontology.org/ |title=Plant Ontology |access-date=10 February 2011}}</ref> for plant structures and growth/development stages, etc.
* POPE, Purdue Ontology for Pharmaceutical Engineering
* PRO,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pir.georgetown.edu/pro/ |title=PRO |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310192741/http://pir.georgetown.edu/pro/ |archive-date=10 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Protein Ontology of the Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University
* [[ProbOnto]], knowledge base and ontology of [[probability distribution]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.probonto.org |title=ProbOnto |access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=27153608 | doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btw170 | pmc=5013898  | volume=32 | issue=17 | pages=2719–21 | title=ProbOnto: ontology and knowledge base of probability distributions | year=2016 | journal=Bioinformatics | last1 = Swat | first1 = MJ | last2 = Grenon | first2 = P | last3 = Wimalaratne | first3 = S}}</ref>
* Program abstraction taxonomy{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}
* Protein Ontology<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pir.georgetown.edu/pro/ |title=Protein Ontology |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310192741/http://pir.georgetown.edu/pro/ |archive-date=10 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> for [[proteomics]]
* [[RXNO Ontology]], for [[name reaction]]s in chemistry
*SCDO, the Sickle Cell Disease Ontology,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nembaware|first1=Victoria|last2=Mazandu|first2=Gaston K.|last3=Hotchkiss|first3=Jade|last4=Safari Serufuri|first4=Jean-Michel|last5=Kent|first5=Jill|last6=Kengne|first6=Andre Pascal|last7=Anie|first7=Kofi|last8=Munung|first8=Nchangwi Syntia|last9=Bukini|first9=Daima|last10=Bitoungui|first10=Valentina Josiane Ngo|last11=Munube|first11=Deogratias|date=2020-10-01|title=The Sickle Cell Disease Ontology: Enabling Collaborative Research and Co-Designing of New Planetary Health Applications|journal=OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology|volume=24|issue=10|pages=559–567|doi=10.1089/omi.2020.0153|pmc=7549008|pmid=33021900}}</ref> facilitates data sharing and collaborations within the SDC community, amongst other applications (see list on [https://scdontology.h3abionet.org/ SCDO website]).
* [[Schema.org]], for embedding structured data into web pages, primarily for the benefit of search engines
* [[Sequence Ontology]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Eilbeck K, Lewis SE, Mungall CJ, Yandell M, Stein L, Durbin R, Ashburner M |title= The Sequence Ontology: a tool for the unification of genome annotations |journal= Genome Biology |volume= 6 |issue= 5 |pages= R44 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15892872 |pmc= 1175956 |doi= 10.1186/gb-2005-6-5-r44 |author-link5= Lincoln Stein |author-link6= Richard M. Durbin |author-link7= Michael Ashburner |author-link2= Suzanna Lewis |doi-access= free }}</ref> for representing genomic feature types found on [[Sequence (biology)|biological sequences]]
* [[SNOMED CT]] (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine – Clinical Terms)
* [[Suggested Upper Merged Ontology]],<ref>Niles, I., & Pease, A., (2001), Toward a Standard Upper Ontology, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS-2001), Chris Welty and Barry Smith, eds, pp2-9.</ref> a formal upper ontology
* [[Systems Biology Ontology]] (SBO), for computational models in biology
* SWEET,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sweetontology.net |title=SWEET |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref> Semantic Web for Earth and Environmental Terminology
* SSN/SOSA,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-ssn/ |title=SSN |access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref> The Semantic Sensor Network Ontology (SSN) and Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator Ontology (SOSA) are W3C Recommendation  and OGC Standards for describing sensors and their observations.
* ThoughtTreasure ontology
* [[TIME-ITEM]], Topics for Indexing Medical Education
* [[Uberon]],<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=22293552 | doi=10.1186/gb-2012-13-1-r5 | pmc=3334586 | volume=13 | issue=1 | title=Uberon, an integrative multi-species anatomy ontology | year=2012 | journal=Genome Biol. | page=R5 | last1 = Mungall | first1 = CJ | last2 = Torniai | first2 = C | last3 = Gkoutos | first3 = GV | last4 = Lewis | first4 = SE | last5 = Haendel | first5 = MA | doi-access=free }}</ref> representing [[metazoa|animal]] anatomical structures
* [[UMBEL]], a lightweight reference structure of 20,000 subject concept classes and their relationships derived from [[Opencyc|OpenCyc]]
* [[WordNet]], a lexical reference system
* YAMATO,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ei.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp/hozo/onto_library/upperOnto.htm |title=YAMATO |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303225900/http://www.ei.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp/hozo/onto_library/upperOnto.htm |archive-date=3 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yet Another More Advanced Top-level Ontology
* YSO – General Finnish Ontology

The W3C [[Linked data#Linking Open Data community project|Linking Open Data community project]] coordinates attempts to converge different ontologies into worldwide [[Semantic Web]].