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==Sources== ;Primary sources * {{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/annalescambriae.html |title=Medieval Sourcebook: The Annales Cambriae (Annals of Wales) |access-date=17 December 2007 |work=Annales Cambriae |publisher=[[College of Staten Island]], [[City University of New York]] |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Keynes |first1=Simon |last2=Lapidge |first2=Michael |title=Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources |year=2004 |publisher=Penguin Classics |isbn=0-14-044409-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/alfredgreatasser0000asse |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Bede |author-link=Bede |title=Ecclesiastical History of the English People |translator=[[Leo Sherley-Price]] |others=Revised by [[R.E. Latham]] |editor=D.H. Farmer |location=London |publisher=Penguin |year=1991 |isbn=0-14-044565-X |title-link=Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum |ref=none}} * {{cite web |url={{PASE|305|bare=1}}|title=Offa 7|access-date=6 April 2007 |work=Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England|publisher=[[King's College London]] |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Swanton |first=Michael |title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |year=1996 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-92129-5 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Swanton |first=Michael |title=The Lives of Two Offas, Vitae Offarum Duorum |year=2010 |location=Crediton |publisher=The Medieval Press |isbn=978-0-9557636-8-7 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Whitelock |first=Dorothy |title=English Historical Documents v. 1 c. 500β1042 |year=1968 |location=London |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |ref=none}} ;Secondary sources * Abels, Richard, "''Trinoda Necessitas''", in {{cite book |last=Lapidge |first=Michael |title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England |year=1999 |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-22492-0 |ref=none}} * Blackburn, Mark & Grierson, Philip, ''Medieval European Coinage.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, reprinted with corrections 2006. {{ISBN|0-521-03177-X}} * {{cite book |last=Blair |first=John |title=The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-921117-5 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Michelle P. |last2=Farr |first2=Carole A. |title=Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe |year=2001 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=0-8264-7765-8 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=James |title=The Anglo-Saxon State |year=2000 |publisher=Hambledon and London |isbn=1-85285-176-7 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=John |last2=John |first2=Eric |last3=Wormald |first3=Patrick |title=The Anglo-Saxons |year=1991 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0-14-014395-5 |ref=none}} * Featherstone, Peter, "The Tribal Hidage and the Ealdormen of Mercia", in {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Michelle P. |last2=Farr |first2=Carole A. |title=Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe |year=2001 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=0-8264-7765-8 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Fletcher |first=Richard |title=Who's Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England |year=1989 |publisher=Shepheard-Walwyn |isbn=0-85683-089-5 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Gannon |first=Anna |title=The Iconography of Early Anglo-Saxon Coinage: Sixth to Eighth Centuries |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-925465-6 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Hunter Blair |first=Peter |title=An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1977 |edition=2nd |isbn=0-521-29219-0 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Hunter Blair |first=Peter |title=Roman Britain and Early England: 55 B.C. β A.D. 871 |year=1966 |location=New York |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-00361-2 |ref=none}} *{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kelly |first=S. E. |publisher=Oxford University Press |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |title=Offa (d. 796), king of the Mercians |year=2007 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/20567 |ref=none}} {{ODNBsub}} * Keynes, Simon, "Cynethryth", in {{cite book |last=Lapidge |first=Michael |title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England |year=1999 |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-22492-0 |ref=none}} * idem, "Mercia", in {{cite book |last=Lapidge |first=Michael |title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England |year=1999 |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-22492-0 |ref=none}} * idem, "Offa", in {{cite book |last=Lapidge |first=Michael |title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England |year=1999 |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-22492-0 |ref=none}} * idem, "Mercia and Wessex in the Ninth Century", in {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Michelle P. |last2=Farr |first2=Carole A. |title=Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe |year=2001 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=0-8264-7765-8 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Keynes |first1=Simon |last2=Lapidge |first2=Michael |title=Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources |year=2004 |publisher=Penguin Classics |isbn=0-14-044409-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/alfredgreatasser0000asse |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Kirby |first=D.P. |title=The Earliest English Kings |year=1992 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-09086-5 |ref=none}} * Lapidge, Michael, "Alcuin of York", in {{cite book |last=Lapidge |first=Michael |title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England |year=1999 |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-22492-0 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Lapidge |first=Michael |title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England |year=1999 |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-22492-0 |ref=none}} * Nelson, Janet, "Carolingian Contacts", in {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Michelle P. |last2=Farr |first2=Carole A. |title=Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe |year=2001 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=0-8264-7765-8 |ref=none}} * Stafford, Pauline, "Political Women in Mercia, Eighth to Early Tenth Centuries", in {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Michelle P. |last2=Farr |first2=Carole A. |title=Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe |year=2001 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=0-8264-7765-8 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Stenton |first=Frank M. |author-link=Frank Stenton |title=Anglo-Saxon England |url=https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten |url-access=registration |year=1971 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-821716-1 |ref=none}} * Williams, Gareth, "Mercian Coinage and Authority", in {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Michelle P. |last2=Farr |first2=Carole A. |title=Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe |year=2001 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=0-8264-7765-8 |ref=none}} * idem, "Military Institutions and Royal Power", in {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Michelle P. |last2=Farr |first2=Carole A. |title=Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe |year=2001 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=0-8264-7765-8 |ref=none}} * Wormald, Patrick, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", in {{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=John |last2=John |first2=Eric |last3=Wormald |first3=Patrick |title=The Anglo-Saxons |year=1991 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0-14-014395-5 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Wormald |first1=Patrick |last2=Bullough |first2=D. |last3=Collins |first3=R. |title=Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society |year=1983 |location=Oxford |isbn=0-631-12661-9 |publisher=B. Blackwell |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Yorke |first=Barbara |title=Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England |year=1990 |url=https://archive.org/details/KingsAndKingdomsOfEarlyAngloSaxonEngland/page/n1/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=Seaby |isbn=1-85264-027-8 |ref=none}} * Worthington, Margaret, "Offa's Dyke", in {{cite book |last=Lapidge|first=Michael|title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England|year=1999|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=0-631-22492-0 |ref=none}} * eadem, "Wat's Dyke", in {{cite book |last=Lapidge |first=Michael |title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England |year=1999 |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-22492-0 |ref=none}}
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