Editing Neurolinguistics (section)

====Mismatch paradigm====
{{Main|Mismatch negativity}}
The mismatch negativity (MMN) is a rigorously documented ERP component frequently used in neurolinguistic experiments.<ref name="pulvermulleretal2008">{{cite journal | title=Syntax as a reflex: neurophysiological evidence for the early automaticity of syntactic processing | journal=Brain and Language | year=2008 | volume=104 | issue=3 | pmid=17624417 | last1=Pulvermüller |first1=Friedemann |author2=Yury Shtyrov; Anna S. Hasting; Robert P. Carlyon | pages=244&ndash;253 | doi=10.1016/j.bandl.2007.05.002| s2cid=13870754 }}</ref><ref name="pulvermullershtyrov2003">{{cite journal | last1=Pulvermüller | first1=Friedemann |author2=Yury Shtyrov | year=2003 | journal=NeuroImage | volume=20 | title=Automatic processing of grammar in the human brain as revealed by the mismatch negativity | pages=159&ndash;172 | doi=10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00261-1 | pmid=14527578 | issue=1| s2cid=27124567 }}</ref>  It is an electrophysiological response that occurs in the brain when a subject hears a "deviant" stimulus in a set of perceptually identical "standards" (as in the sequence ''s s s s s s s d d s s s s s s d s s s s s d'').<ref name="phillips">{{cite journal | last1=Phillips | first1=Colin |author2=T. Pellathy; A. Marantz; E. Yellin; K. Wexler; M. McGinnis; D. Poeppel; T. Roberts | year=2001 | title=Auditory cortex accesses phonological category: an MEG mismatch study | journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | volume=12 | issue=6 | pages=1038&ndash;1055 | doi=10.1162/08989290051137567| pmid=11177423 | citeseerx=10.1.1.201.5797 | s2cid=8686819 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Distributed neuronal networks for encoding category-specific semantic information: the mismatch negativity to action words | last1=Shtyrov | first1=Yury |author2=Olaf Hauk; Friedmann Pulvermüller | year=2004 | volume=19 | pages=1083&ndash;1092 | journal=European Journal of Neuroscience | doi=10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03126.x | pmid=15009156 | issue=4| s2cid=27238979 }}</ref>  Since the MMN is elicited only in response to a rare "oddball" stimulus in a set of other stimuli that are perceived to be the same, it has been used to test how speakers perceive sounds and organize stimuli categorically.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Näätänen | first1 = Risto | author-link = Risto Näätänen | year = 1997 | title = Language-specific phoneme representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses | journal = Nature | volume = 385 | issue = 6615| pages = 432–434 | doi=10.1038/385432a0 | last2 = Lehtokoski | first2 = Anne | last3 = Lennes | first3 = Mietta | last4 = Cheour | first4 = Marie | last5 = Huotilainen | first5 = Minna | last6 = Iivonen | first6 = Antti | last7 = Vainio | first7 = Martti | last8 = Alku | first8 = Paavo | last9 = Ilmoniemi | first9 = Risto J. | last10 = Luuk | first10 = Aavo | last11 = Allik | first11 = Jüri | last12 = Sinkkonen | first12 = Janne | last13 = Alho | first13 = Kimmo | pmid = 9009189| bibcode = 1997Natur.385..432N | s2cid = 4366960 | display-authors = 8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=The influence of meaning on the perception of speech sounds | last1=Kazanina | first1=Nina |author2=Colin Phillips; William Idsardi | year=2006 | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | pages=11381&ndash;11386 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0604821103 | volume=103 | pmid=16849423 | issue=30 | pmc=3020137| bibcode=2006PNAS..10311381K | doi-access=free }}</ref> For example, a landmark study by [[Colin Phillips]] and colleagues used the mismatch negativity as evidence that subjects, when presented with a series of speech sounds with [[Acoustics|acoustic]] parameters, perceived all the sounds as either /t/ or /d/ in spite of the acoustic variability, suggesting that the human brain has representations of abstract [[phoneme]]s&mdash;in other words, the subjects were "hearing" not the specific acoustic features, but only the abstract phonemes.<ref name="phillips"/>  In addition, the mismatch negativity has been used to study syntactic processing and the recognition of [[Lexical category|word category]].<ref name="pulvermulleretal2008"/><ref name="pulvermullershtyrov2003"/><ref>{{cite journal | title=Setting the stage for automatic syntax processing: the mismatch negativity as an indicator of syntactic priming | last1=Hasing | first1=Anna S. |author2=Sonja A. Kotz; Angela D. Friederici | journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | year=2007 | volume=19 | issue=3 | pmid=17335388 | pages=386&ndash;400 | doi=10.1162/jocn.2007.19.3.386| s2cid=3046335 }}</ref>