Editing Natural gas (section)

===Domestic use===
[[File:GAS GAS manhole cover London.jpg|thumb|right|Manhole for domestic gas supply, London, UK]]
In the US, over one-third of households (>40 million homes) cook with gas.<ref name="Kashtan-2023" /> Natural gas dispensed in a residential setting can generate temperatures in excess of {{convert|1100|°C|°F|-2}} making it a powerful domestic cooking and heating fuel.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zimmerman |first1=Barry E. |url=https://archive.org/details/naturescuriosity00zimm/page/28 |title=Nature's Curiosity Shop |last2=Zimmerman |first2=David J. |publisher=Contemporary books |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8092-3656-5 |location=Lincolnwood (Chicago), IL |page=[https://archive.org/details/naturescuriosity00zimm/page/28 28] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Stanford scientists estimated that gas stoves emit 0.8–1.3% of the gas they use as unburned methane and that total U.S. stove emissions are 28.1 gigagrams of methane.<ref name="Kashtan-2023" /> In much of the developed world it is supplied through pipes to homes, where it is used for many purposes including ranges and ovens, [[HVAC|heating]]/[[air conditioning|cooling]], outdoor and portable [[Grilling|grills]], and [[central heating]].<ref name="AtoZ">{{Cite book |last=Mulvaney |first=Dustin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_eji4ZzEiQC&pg=PA301 |title=Green Energy: An A-to-Z Guide |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-9677-8 |page=301}}</ref> Heaters in homes and other buildings may include boilers, [[Furnace (house heating)|furnace]]s, and [[water heating|water heaters]]. Both North America and Europe are major consumers of natural gas.

Domestic appliances, furnaces, and boilers use low pressure, usually with a standard pressure around {{convert|0.25|psi|kPa|order=flip}} over atmospheric pressure. The pressures in the supply lines vary, either the standard utilization pressure (UP) mentioned above or elevated pressure (EP), which may be anywhere from {{convert|1|to|120|psi|kPa|order=flip|sigfig=1}} over atmospheric pressure. Systems using EP have a [[pressure regulator|regulator]] at the service entrance to step down to UP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-03 |title=Using 2PSI Elevated Pressure Natural Gas Technology to Help Reduce Costs in Next- Generation Multi-Family New Construction |url=https://abcgreenhome.com/2017/04/03/using-2psi-elevated-pressure-natural-gas-technology-help-reduce-costs-next-generation-multi-family-new-construction/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=The ABC Green Home Project |language=en-US}}</ref>

Natural gas piping systems inside buildings are often designed with pressures of {{convert|2|to|5|psi|kPa|order=flip}}, and have downstream pressure regulators to reduce pressure as needed. In the United States the maximum allowable operating pressure for natural gas piping systems within a building is based on NFPA 54: National Fuel Gas Code,<ref>{{Cite web |title=NFPA 54: National Fuel Gas Code |url=https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=54 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=www.nfpa.org}}</ref> except when approved by the Public Safety Authority or when insurance companies have more stringent requirements.

Generally, natural gas system pressures are not allowed to exceed {{convert|5|psi|kPa|abbr=on}} unless all of the following conditions are met:
* The AHJ will allow a higher pressure.
* The distribution pipe is welded. (Note: 2. Some jurisdictions may also require that welded joints be radiographed to verify continuity).
* The pipes are closed for protection and placed in a ventilated area that does not allow gas accumulation.
* The pipe is installed in the areas used for industrial processes, research, storage or mechanical equipment rooms.

Generally, a maximum liquefied petroleum gas pressure of {{convert|20|psi|kPa|abbr=on}} is allowed, provided the building is constructed in accordance with NFPA 58: Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, Chapter 7.<ref>[https://www.mepengineerings.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/plumbing-engineering-design-handbook-vol-2-2010.pdf] Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook | A Plumbing Engineer's Guide to System Design and Specifications | American Society of Plumbing Engineers | Plumbing Systems | Volume 2 Chapter 7 — Fuel Gas Piping Systems Page 115</ref>

A seismic earthquake valve operating at a pressure of 55 psig (3.7 bar) can stop the flow of natural gas into the site wide natural gas distribution piping network (that runs (outdoors underground, above building roofs, and or within the upper supports of a canopy roof). Seismic earthquake valves are designed for use at a maximum of 60 psig.<ref>[https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/95430/2/142685.pdf] Risk-based maintenance: an holistic application to the gas distribution industry | Xavier António Reis Andrade | 2016 | Page 15 | Figure 3.2: Technical drawing of the pressure regulator and measurement station.</ref><ref>[https://www.dgs.ca.gov/DSA/Services/Page-Content/Division-of-the-State-Architect-Services-List/Apply-for-Gas-Shutoff-Valve-Certification-for-Residential-Structures]  State of California | Apply for Gas Shutoff Valve Certification for Residential Structures | The Division of the State Architect (DSA) oversees the certification of two types of gas shutoff valves as required by the Health and Safety Code.</ref>

In Australia, natural gas is transported from gas processing facilities to regulator stations via transmission pipelines. Gas is then regulated down to distributed pressures and the gas is distributed around a gas network via gas mains. Small branches from the network, called services, connect individual domestic dwellings, or multi-dwelling buildings to the network. The networks typically range in pressures from 7 kPa (low pressure) to 515 kPa (high pressure). Gas is then regulated down to 1.1 kPa or 2.75 kPa, before being metered and passed to the consumer for domestic use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gas Distribution System Code {{!}} Essential Services Commission |url=https://www.esc.vic.gov.au/electricity-and-gas/codes-guidelines-and-policies/gas-distribution-system-code |access-date=2020-09-22 |website=www.esc.vic.gov.au}}</ref> Natural gas mains are made from a variety of materials: historically cast iron, though more modern mains are made from steel or polyethylene.

In some states in the USA, natural gas can be supplied by independent natural gas wholesalers/suppliers using existing pipeline owners' infrastructure through [[Natural Gas Choice]] programs.

LPG ([[liquefied petroleum gas]]) typically fuels outdoor and portable [[Grill (cooking)|grills]]. Although, [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG) is sparsely available for similar applications in the US in [[rural]] areas underserved by the existing pipeline system and distribution network of the less expensive and more abundant LPG ([[liquefied petroleum gas]]).
[[File:Bus natural gas in Salamanca.JPG|thumb|Natural gas bus in [[Salamanca]], Spain]]