Editing Music sequencer (section)

===Early computer music hardware===
{{multiple image
 | image1   = 3C DDP-24 computer card rack side.jpg |width1=115
 | image2   = 3C DDP-24 computer card rack.JPG      |width2=143
 | <!-- image3   = 3C DDP-24 computer card rack rear.JPG |width3=120 -->
 | footer   = DDP-24 S Block (expansion card rack unit) that is assumed <!-- to had been --> the [[Analog-to-digital converter|A/D converters]] used  for GROOVE (1970) by Max Mathews.
}} In 1965,<ref name=Ninke1965>{{citation
 | first     = William | last = Ninke
 | title     = Graphic 1: A Remote Graphical Display Console System
 | periodical= Proceedings of Fall Joint Computer Conference
 | volume    = 27
 | date = 1965
}}</ref> [[Max Mathews]] and L. Rosler developed [[Graphic 1]], an interactive [[graphical sound]] system  (that implies sequencer) on which one could draw figures using a light-pen that would be converted into sound, simplifying the process of [[algorithmic composition|composing computer-generated music]].<ref name=holmes2008b>{{cite book
  | last  = Holmes | first = Thom
  | year  = 2008
  | chapter=Digital Synthesis and Computer Music
  | title = Electronic and experimental music: technology, music, and culture
  | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC&q=Mathews+MUSIC+GROOVE+%22Graphic+1%22&pg=PA254 254]
  | publisher = Taylor & Francis
  | isbn  = 978-0-415-95781-6
}}</ref><ref name=roads1980 /> It used [[PDP-5]] minicomputer for data input, and [[IBM 7094]] mainframe computer for rendering sound.

Also in 1970, Mathews and F. R. Moore developed the [[GROOVE]] (Generated Real-time Output Operations on [[CV/gate|Voltage-controlled]] Equipment) system,<ref name=groove>{{cite journal
  | first1 = Mathews |last1 = Max V.
  | first2 = Moore   |last2 = F.R.
  | year   = 1970
  | title  = GROOVE—a program to compose, store, and edit functions of time
  | journal= Communications of the ACM
  | volume = 13 |issue=12
}}</ref> a first fully developed [[algorithmic composition|music synthesis]] system for interactive composition (that implies sequencer) and realtime performance, using 3C/[[Honeywell]] [[DDP-24]]<ref name=vercoe>{{cite web |author1=Nyssim Lefford |author2=Eric D. Scheirer |author3=Barry L. Vercoe |name-list-style=amp |title=An Interview with Barry Vercoe |url=https://www.media.mit.edu/events/EMS/bv-interview.html |work=Experimental Music Studio 25 |publisher=Machine Listening Group, MIT Media Laboratory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331173352/http://www.media.mit.edu/events/EMS/bv-interview.html |archive-date=2012-03-31 }}</ref> (or DDP-224<ref name=bogdanov2001 />) minicomputers. It used a CRT display to simplify the management of music synthesis in realtime, 12-bit [[D/A converter]] for realtime sound playback, an interface for [[CV/gate]] analog devices, and even several controllers including a musical keyboard, knobs, and rotating [[joystick]]s to capture realtime performance.<ref name=holmes2008b /><ref name=bogdanov2001>{{cite book
  | last  = Bogdanov | first = Vladimir
  | year  = 2001
  | title = All music guide to electronica: the definitive guide to electronic music
  | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=GJNXLSBlL7IC&q=GROOVE+Generated+Real-time+Output+Operations+on+Voltage-controlled+Equipment&pg=PT271 320]
  | publisher = Backbeat Books
  | isbn  = 978-0-87930-628-1
}}</ref><ref name=roads1980>{{cite journal
  | last  = Roads | first = Curtis
  | title = Interview with Max Mathews
  | date  = Winter 1980
  | journal = Computer Music Journal
  | volume=4 | number = 4 }} <br />in
{{cite book
  | editor= Curtis Roads
  | title = The Music Machine: Selected Readings from Computer Music Journal
  | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=bqKfS3qQjMQC&q=Mathews&pg=PA5 5]
  | publisher = MIT Press (1989/1992)
  | isbn  = 978-0-262-68078-3
| date = 1992-10-08
 }}</ref>

{{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal
 | image1   = EMS at MIM Sequencer.jpg| width1 = 125
 | caption1 = [[Electronic Music Studios|EMS]] Sequencer 256 (1971), branched from [[EMS Synthi 100|Synthi 100]].
}}