Editing Mosin–Nagant (section)

===Finland===
[[File:Mosin Nagant M91.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Finnish Army Model 91]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M24.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Civil Guard Model 24]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M27.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Finnish Army Model 27]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M27rv.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Finnish Army Model 27rv]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M28.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Civil GuardModel 28]]
[[File:Mosin Nagant M28-30.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Civil Guard Model 28–30]]
[[File:Mosin-Nagant M1939 - Finland - AM.006968.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|M/39 rifle]]
[[File:Jalkaväenkivääri m39 etuosa ja pistin.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Civil Guard M/39 bayonet]]

Most Finnish rifles were assembled by [[SAKO]], Tikkakoski Oy, or VKT ([[Valtion Kivääritehdas]], State Rifle Factory, after the wars part of [[Valmet|Valtion Metallitehtaat (Valmet)]], State Metalworks). The Finnish cartridge [[7.62×53mmR]] is a slightly modified variation of the Russian [[7.62×54mmR]], and is considered interchangeable with 54R. However, the older version of the Finnish military cartridge was loaded with the S-type bullet that had nominal diameter of .308. In 1936 the Finnish Army fielded a new standard service cartridge intended for both machine guns and rifles. This new cartridge was loaded with a new bullet designed in 1934–the D-166, which had a nominal diameter of .310. The new service rifle m/39 was designed from the start around the D-166, thus it had nominal barrel diameter of .310.

[[Handloading|Handloaded]] cartridges for Finnish rifles should however use a {{convert|0.308|in|mm|1|adj=on}} [[bullet]] for use with other Finnish Mosin–Nagant variants instead of the {{convert|0.310|in|mm|1|adj=on}} one which gives best results in M/39, Soviet and most of other Mosin–Nagant rifles.
* '''M/91'''{{Anchor|Finn M91}}: When Finland achieved independence from Russia, over 190,000 Model 1891 infantry rifles were already stockpiled in the ex-Russian military depots within Finland. As a result, the rifle was adopted as the standard Finnish Army weapon, and surplus Mosin–Nagants were purchased from other European nations which had captured them during World War I.<ref name="Finland">{{cite book |title=Finland at War 1939–45 |url=https://archive.org/details/finlandatwar00jowe |url-access=limited |series=Elite |volume=141 |first1=Philip |last1=Jowett |first2=Brent |last2=Snodgrass |date=5 July 2006 |isbn=978-1-84176-969-1 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |pages=[https://archive.org/details/finlandatwar00jowe/page/n46 46]–47}}</ref> These rifles were overhauled to meet Finnish Army standards and designated M/91. In the mid-1920s Tikkakoski made new barrels for m/91s. Later starting in 1940, Tikkakoski and VKT began production of new M/91 rifles. VKT production ceased in 1942 in favor of the newer M/39 rifle, but Tikkakoski production continued through 1944. The M/91 was the most widely issued Finnish rifle in both the Winter War and the Continuation War.<ref name="MN.net-M91">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/M91inFinland.asp |title=M91 in Finland |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228024404/http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/M91inFinland.asp |archive-date=28 December 2011}}</ref>
* '''M/91rv'''{{Anchor|Finn M91rv}}: A cavalry rifle built from former Russian Model 1891 Dragoon rifles, modified with a sling slot based on the German [[Gewehr 98#Karabiner 98a|Karabiner 98a]]. The original Russian sling slots were also retained.<ref name="M91rv">{{cite web |url=http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinRareM91rv.htm |title=M91rv Cavalry Rifle |website=7.62x54r.net |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214212633/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinRareM91rv.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''M/24'''{{Anchor|Finn M24}}: The "Lotta Rifle", the Model 24 or Model 1891/24 was the first large-scale Mosin–Nagant upgrade project undertaken by the Finnish Suojeluskunta ([[White Guard (Finland)|Civil Guard]]), and there were, in fact three separate variations of the rifle. Barrels were produced by [[Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft|SIG (Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft)]] and by a German consortium. Swiss-produced barrels could be found in both standard Mosin–Nagant 1891 contour and in a heavier contour designed for improved accuracy, while all German-produced barrels were heavy weight barrels.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bowser |first=Doug |date=1998 |title=Rifles of the White Death: A Collector's and Shooter's Guide to Finnish Military Rifles, 1918–1944 |location=McComb, MS |publisher=Camellia City Military Publications}}</ref> The initial contract for the SIG-produced barrels was let on April 10, 1923, and was for 3,000 new barrels produced with the original Model 1891 barrel contour. A subsequent contract for 5,000 additional heavier barrels, stepped at the muzzle end to accept the standard Mosin–Nagant bayonet, was let the next year. The German contracts, starting in 1924 and running to 1926, were all for the heavier, stepped barrels with two contracts: one for 5,000 barrels and a second for 8,000 barrels. The German-made barrels are marked {{lang|de|Bohler-Stahl}} on the under side of the chamber. All Model 24s are marked with the Civil Guard logo of three fir tree sprigs over a capital "S". All Model 24s are equipped with a coil spring around the trigger pin to improve the trigger pull and thus the accuracy of the rifle. The Model 24 was called the Lotta's Rifle ({{lang|fi|Lottakivääri}}) after the women's auxiliary of the Civil Guard, known as the [[Lotta Svärd]] which was instrumental in raising funds to purchase and repair or refurbish some 10,000 rifles.<ref name="MN.net-M24">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/M24-Rifle.asp |title=The Finnish Civil Guards rifle-model of 1924 |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010105057/http://mosinnagant.net/finland/M24-Rifle.asp |archive-date=10 October 2011}}</ref>
* '''M/27'''{{Anchor|Finn M27}}: The Model 27 was the Finnish Army's first almost complete reworking of the Model 1891, it was nicknamed {{lang|fi|Pystykorva}} ("[[spitz]]") for the front sight protector's resemblance to the upright ears of a spitz dog. The receiver and magazine of the 1891 were retained, but a new shorter-length heavy-weight barrel at {{convert|685|mm|in|abbr=on}} was fitted. The sights were modified. The receivers and bolts were modified with "wings" being fitted to the bolt connecting bars that fit into slots machined into the receivers. The stocks were initially produced by cutting down 1891 stocks and opening up the barrel channels to accommodate the heavier barrel. New barrel bands and nose caps were fitted and a new bayonet was issued. The modified stocks proved to be weak, breaking when soldiers practiced bayonet fighting or firing with the bayonet fitted. These and other problems resulted in a slow-down of production in the mid-1930s while solutions to problems were engineered and existing stocks of rifles were modified. Produced from mid-1927 to 1940, the Model 27 was the Finnish Army's main battle rifle in the Winter War.<ref name="MN.net-M27">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/The-Finnish-M27.asp |title=The Finnish M27 |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818121722/http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/The-Finnish-M27.asp |archive-date=18 August 2012}}</ref>
* '''M/27rv'''{{Anchor|Finn M27rv}}: A cavalry carbine version of the M27 (rv is short for {{lang|la|ratsuväki}}, {{literal translation|mounted force}}), 2217 were made, and were assigned to the most elite Finnish cavalry units. As a result of their heavy use, nearly half were lost over the course of the Winter and Continuation Wars. Most of the surviving examples were deemed beyond repair and scrapped, with slightly over 300 still existing. This makes it the rarest of all Finnish Mosin–Nagant models.<ref name="MN.net-M27"/>
* '''M/28'''{{Anchor|Finn M28}}: A variant designed by the [[White Guard (Finland)|White Guard]]. The M/28 differs from the Army's M/27 primarily in the barrel band design, which is a single piece compared to the M/27's hinged band, and an improved trigger design. Barrels for the M/28 were initially purchased from [[Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft|SIG]], and later from Tikkakoski and SAKO.<ref name="MN.net-M28">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/M28-Rifle.asp |title=The M28 And M28/30 Civil Guards Rifles |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010104823/http://mosinnagant.net/finland/M28-Rifle.asp |archive-date=10 October 2011}}</ref>
* '''M/28–30'''{{Anchor|Finn M28-30}}: An upgraded version of the M/28. The most noticeable modification is the new rear sight design. The same sight was used in following M/39 rifle only exception being "1.5" marking for closest range to clarify it for users. According to micrometer measurements and comparison to modern Lapua D46/47 bullet radar trajectory data, markings are matched to Finnish Lapua D46/D46 bullet surprisingly accurately through whole adjustment range between 150&nbsp;m and 2000&nbsp;m.<p>The trigger was also improved by adding coil spring to minimize very long pre-travel. Following M/39 does not have this improvement. The magazine was also modified to prevent jamming. Magazines were stamped with "HV" ({{lang|fi|häiriövapaa}}, {{literal translation|jam free}}) letters in right side of rifle. Later M/39 uses identical design, but without the "HV" stamp. M/28–30 also have metal sleeve in fore-end of handguard, to reduce barrel harmonics change and to make barrel-stock contact more constant between shots and/or during environmental changes such as moisture and temperature. Later M/39 does not have this upgrade.</p><p>In addition to its military usage, approximately 440 M/28–30 rifles were manufactured by SAKO for use in the [[ISSF World Shooting Championships#Interwar period|1937 World Shooting Championships]] in Helsinki.</p><p>M/28–30 model, serial number 60974, was also used by [[Simo Häyhä]], a well-known [[Finnish people|Finnish]] sniper. M/28–30 was used as Civil Guards competition rifle before World War II, as was the case with Simo Häyhä's personal rifle. Therefore, rifles were built very well, with highest grade barrels available and carefully matched headspace. Häyhä's rifle was still at PKarPr (Northern Karelia Brigade) museum in 2002, then moved to an unknown place by the Finnish Army.<ref name="MN.net-M28-30">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/MosinNagant-M2830rifle-introduction.asp |title=The Finnish Model M28-30 |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315092812/http://mosinnagant.net/finland/MosinNagant-M2830rifle-introduction.asp |archive-date=15 March 2011}}</ref></p>
* '''M/91–35''': A model proposed by the Finnish Army to replace both its M/27 and the White Guard's M/28 and M/28–30 rifles. The White Guard strongly objected to this plan, considering the M91/35 to have poor accuracy and excessive muzzle flash. It was never adopted, instead being supplanted by the M/39.
* '''M/39'''{{Anchor|Finn M39}}: nicknamed {{lang|fi|Ukko-Pekka}} after the former President [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/finnish_mosin_nagantm39.asp |title=The Model 1939 |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613193239/http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/finnish_mosin_nagantm39.asp |archive-date=13 June 2011}}</ref> a compromise between the Army and White Guard, adopted so as to standardize Mosin–Nagant production. The M/39 was derived largely from the M/28–30, but included some alterations proposed by the Army. The M/39 also incorporated a semi-[[pistol grip]] into the stock, though some early examples used typical Mosin–Nagant straight stocks. Only 10 rifles were completed by the end of the [[Winter War]], but 96,800 were produced after the Winter War and used in the [[Continuation War]]. Small numbers were assembled from leftover parts in the late 1960s through 1973, bringing the total production to approximately 102,000.
* '''M/30'''{{Anchor|Finn M30}}: Tikkakoski produced improved, high-quality Model 1891/30 rifles in 1943 and 1944, designated M/30, using new barrels and parts from some of the almost 125,000 1891/30s captured in the Winter and Continuation Wars as well as 57,000 rifles bought from the Germans in 1944 (most of which were only suitable for use as parts donors). They were produced with both one- and two-piece stocks and either Soviet globe or Finnish blade foresights.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/FinlandsM9130Rifle.asp |title=The Finnish Issue of the Mosin Nagant Model 91/30 (1891/1930) Rifle |website=Mosin-Nagant.net |access-date=19 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010075254/http://mosinnagant.net/finland/FinlandsM9130Rifle.asp |archive-date=10 October 2011}}</ref>
* '''M/56'''{{Anchor|Finn M56}}: An experimental 7.62×39mm version.
* '''M/28–57'''{{Anchor|Finn M28-57}}: A military target rifle for sporting purposes with [[diopter sight]]s, built in two variants from existing accurate M/28–30 rifles, a [[International Military Sports Council|CISM]] [[300 m standard rifle]] version, and a [[biathlon rifle|biathlon]] version with a purpose made stock, designated as '''M/28–57 H'''.<ref name="palokangas">{{cite book |last=Palokangas |first=Markku |year=1991 |title=Sotilaskäsiaseet Suomessa 1918–1988. II osa – Suomalaiset aseet |trans-title=Military Small Arms in Finland 1918–1988 |volume=II – Finnish Weapons |language=fi |location= |publisher=Suomen asehistoriallinen seura |isbn=978-951-25-0518-0}}</ref>{{rp|185–187}}
* '''M/27–66''' A military target rifle for CISM 300&nbsp;m standard rifle competition, which used existing receivers, bolts and triggers from M/27, but had the receiver walls reinforced, some bolt parts modified, new barrels and new target rifle stocks from walnut as well as diopter sights installed. Modification of the rifles was made by [[Valmet]]. Some were also equipped with scope bases to be used as sniper rifles, but without any further modifications from the standard model.<ref name="palokangas"/>{{rp|187–188}}[[File:Kiikarikivääri 76.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|M/28–76 in sniper rifle configuration]]
* '''M/28–76'''{{Anchor|Finn M28-76}}: A dual purpose sniper rifle and target rifle for CISM 300 m standard rifle competition. They were modified from existing M/28–30 and M/28–57 rifles, using the M/28–30 barrel and sights (often with new barrels, but sometimes original from M/28–30) and new birch wood stocks of the same profile as the M/27–66. The target rifle version had a diopter rear sight added and a modified front sight, while the sniper rifle version had a scope base. Modification work for the rifles was carried out by Finnish Defence Forces {{lang|fi|Asevarikko 1}} ('Arsenal 1') in [[Kuopio]].<ref name="palokangas"/>{{rp|113–114,188–189}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.estonianarms.com/2876.htm |title=The Finnish Mosin Nagant Model 28/76 Marksmanship Rifle |website=EstonianArms.com |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422143902/http://www.estonianarms.com/2876.htm |archive-date=22 April 2010}}</ref> [[File:7,62 Tarkkuuskivääri 85 Lippujuhlan päivä 2013.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.25|7.62 TKIV 85 sniper rifle]]
* '''M/85''': A more comprehensive modernisation based on the Mosin-Nagant action, which features an aluminium bedding block between the stock and the barreled action, attached to the stem of the barrel, while letting the receiver and further barrel float free of the stock. In addition to the changes to the stock, an entirely new trigger pack was designed and the [[lock time]] was shortened by removing the safety from the striker assembly of the bolt. The M/85 was built in two variants, the [[7.62 Tkiv 85|'''TKIV 85''']] sniper rifle, and a target rifle for CISM 300&nbsp;m standard rifle competition: the sniper rifle features a heavy barrel without iron sights and a birch wood stock with an adjustable cheek rest, a bipod and an enclosed fore-end with the upper handguard lifted off the barrel to free-float the barrel past the bedding block, whereas the target rifle features a lighter barrel, diopter sights and a walnut stock without the upper handguard. Although, for possible use in war, a spare sniper version stock was supplied with every target rifle. Modification of existing parts (receiver and bolt assembly) as well as production of new metal parts was carried out by Valmet, and the stocks were made and rifles assembled by FDF {{lang|fi|Asevarikko 1}}.<ref name="palokangas"/>{{rp|114–117,189–190}}