Editing Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (section)

===Romania and Soviet republics===
[[File:PérdidasTerritorialesRumanas1940-ro.svg|thumb|Romania's territorial losses in the summer of 1940]]
{{Further|Second Vienna Award|Population transfer in the Soviet Union|Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union}}
In the summer of 1940, fear of the Soviet Union, in conjunction with German support for the territorial demands of [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]'s neighbours and the Romanian government's own miscalculations, resulted in more territorial losses for Romania. Between 28 June and 4 July, the [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|Soviet Union occupied and annexed Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina]] and the [[Hertsa region]] of Romania.<ref>{{cite book|author=Vladimir Beshanov|title=Czerwony Blitzkrieg|publisher=Inicjał|place=[[Poland|PL]]|year=2008|pages=250–62|isbn=978-83-926205-2-5|language=pl}}.</ref>

On 30 August, Ribbentrop and Italian Foreign Minister [[Galeazzo Ciano]] issued the [[Second Vienna Award]], giving [[Northern Transylvania]] to Hungary. On 7 September, Romania ceded [[Southern Dobruja]] to Bulgaria ([[Axis powers|Axis]]-sponsored [[Treaty of Craiova]]).<ref name="wasserstein305">{{cite book|last=Wasserstein|first=Bernard|title=Barbarism and Civilization: A History of Europe in Our Time|place=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-873074-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/barbarismciviliz00wass/page/305 305]|url=https://archive.org/details/barbarismciviliz00wass/page/305}}.</ref> After various events over the following months, Romania increasingly took on the aspect of a German-occupied country.<ref name="wasserstein305"/>

The Soviet-occupied territories were converted into [[republics of the Soviet Union]]. During the two years after the annexation, the Soviets arrested approximately 100,000 Polish citizens<ref name="Karta">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indeks.karta.org.pl/represje_sowieckie_4.html|title=Represje 1939–41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich|trans-title=Repressions 1939–41. Arrested on the Eastern Borderlands|publisher=Ośrodek Karta|place=PL|language=pl|access-date=15 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210055006/http://www.indeks.karta.org.pl/represje_sowieckie_4.html|archive-date=10 December 2006}}.</ref> and [[population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported]] between 350,000 and 1,500,000, of whom between 250,000 and 1,000,000 died, mostly civilians.{{sfn|Rieber|2000|pp=14, 32–37}}{{Efn|name="Number_of_deportees"|The actual number of deported in the period of 1939–1941 remains unknown and various estimates vary from 350,000<ref>{{cite book|title=Internetowa encyklopedia PWN|contribution-url=http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/53025_1.html|contribution=Okupacja Sowiecka w Polsce 1939–41|access-date=14 March 2006|language=pl|title-link=Internetowa encyklopedia PWN|archive-date=20 April 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420212451/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/53025_1.html|url-status=dead}}.</ref> to over 2 million, mostly World War II estimates by the underground. The earlier number is based on records made by the NKVD and does not include roughly 180,000 prisoners of war, who were also in Soviet captivity. Most modern historians estimate the number of all people deported from areas taken by Soviet Union during that period at between 800,000 and 1,500,000;<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Marek|last1=Wierzbicki|first2=Tadeusz M|last2=Płużański |date=March 2001|title=Wybiórcze traktowanie źródeł|journal=[[Tygodnik Solidarność]]|issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|language=pl|first=Albin|last=Głowacki|date=September 2003|title=Formy, skala i konsekwencje sowieckich represji wobec Polaków w latach 1939–1941|conference=Okupacja sowiecka ziem polskich 1939–1941|editor-first=Piotr|editor-last=Chmielowiec|publisher=[[Instytut Pamięci Narodowej]]|location=Rzeszów-Warsaw|url=http://www.ipn.gov.pl/a_140803_przemysl_konf.html|isbn=83-89078-78-3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003093600/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/a_140803_przemysl_konf.html|archive-date=3 October 2003|accessdate=23 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> for example, [[RJ Rummel]] gives the number of 1,200,000 million;<ref>{{cite book|last=Rummel |first=RJ|year=1990|title=Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sK5CJFpb2DAC&q=Soviet+genocide+Poland&pg=PA132|page=132|publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-2750-8}}.</ref> Tony Kushner and Katharine Knox give 1,500,000.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Tony |last1=Kushner|first2=Katharine|last2=Knox|year=1999|title=Refugees in an Age of Genocide|isbn=978-0-7146-4783-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iehSAirzqQC&q=Soviet+genocide+Poland&pg=PA219|page=219|publisher=Psychology Press }}</ref>}} Forced re-settlements into [[gulag]] [[labour camps]] and [[involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union|exile settlements in remote areas of the Soviet Union]] occurred.<ref name="Relocation"/> According to [[Norman Davies]],<ref name="Playground">{{cite book|first=Norman|last=Davies|title=God's Playground. A History of Poland|volume=2: 1795 to the Present|year=1982|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-925340-4|pages=449–55|author-link=Norman Davies}}</ref> almost half of them were dead by July 1940.{{sfn|Wegner|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7odfDAlO64UC&q=Davies+million+Sikorski&pg=PA78 78]}}