Editing Minsk (section)

== Economy ==
{{See also|Economy of Belarus}}

Minsk is the [[Capital city|economic capital]] of Belarus. It has developed industrial and services sectors which serve the needs not only of the city, but of the entire nation. Minsk's contributions form nearly 46% of Belarusian budget.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Четвертую часть поступлений в бюджет Минска обеспечили 5 плательщиков |trans-title=The fourth part of receipts in the budget of Minsk was provided by 5 payers |url=http://afn.by/news/i/131974 |website=afn.by |language=ru |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=25 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825194406/http://afn.by/news/i/131974 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to 2010 results, Minsk paid 15&nbsp;trillion BYR to state budget while the whole income from all other regions was 20&nbsp;trillion BYR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bdg.by/news/finance/13645.html|title=Минск - основной плательщик НДС|date=26 January 2011|website=БДГ Деловая газета|access-date=16 May 2024|archive-date=16 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516161723/https://bdg.by/news/finance/13645.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the period January 2013 to October 2013, 70.6% of taxes in the budget of Minsk were paid by non-state enterprises, 26.3% by state enterprises, and 1.8% by individual entrepreneurs. Among the top 10 taxpayers were five oil and gas companies (including two [[Gazprom]]'s and one [[Lukoil]]'s subsidiaries), two mobile network operators ([[MTS (network provider)|MTS]] and [[A1 Belarus|A1]]), two companies producing alcoholic beverages (Minsk-Kristall and Minsk grape wines factory) and one producer of tobacco goods.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 November 2013 |title=73,7 % поступлений в консолидированный бюджет города Минска за 10 месяцев 2013 года обеспечено негосударственным сектором экономики. – Новости инспекции – Министерство по налогам и сборам Республики Беларусь |url=http://www.nalog.gov.by/ru/news_ministerstva_minsk_ru/view/737-postuplenij-v-konsolidirovannyj-bjudzhet-goroda-minska-za-10-mesjatsev-2013-goda-obespecheno-9443/ |website=nalog.gov.by |access-date=6 December 2013 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701033809/http://www.nalog.gov.by/ru/news_ministerstva_minsk_ru/view/737-postuplenij-v-konsolidirovannyj-bjudzhet-goroda-minska-za-10-mesjatsev-2013-goda-obespecheno-9443/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, [[Gross Regional Product]] of Minsk was formed mainly by industry (26.4%), wholesale (19.9%), transportation and communications (12.3%), retail (8.6%) and construction (5.8%).

GRP of Minsk measured in Belarusian rubles was 55 billion (€20 billion) or around 1/3 of Gross domestic product of Belarus.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload-belstat/upload-belstat-excel/Oficial_statistika/2021/GDP_GRP-2112-en.xlsx |title= GRP of regions and Minsk city in 2021 |access-date= 16 July 2022 |archive-date= 24 February 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230224010558/https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload-belstat/upload-belstat-excel/Oficial_statistika/2021/GDP_GRP-2112-en.xlsx |url-status= live }}</ref>

Minsk city has highest salaries in Belarus. As of December 2023 average gross salary in Minsk was 3,240 BYN per month (~ US$1,000).<ref name="myfin.by">{{cite web|url= https://myfin.by/wiki/term/srednyaya-zarplata-v-belarusi|title= News|website= www.myfin.by|access-date= 5 October 2022|archive-date= 5 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221005031130/https://myfin.by/wiki/term/srednyaya-zarplata-v-belarusi|url-status= dead}}</ref>

=== Industry ===
[[File:3rd thermal power plant (Minsk) 07.jpg|thumb|Power plant]]
Minsk is the major industrial centre of Belarus. According to 2012 statistics, Minsk-based companies produced 21.5% of electricity, 76% of trucks, 15.9% of footwear, 89.3% of television sets, 99.3% of washing machines, 30% of chocolate, 27.7% of distilled alcoholic beverages and 19.7% of tobacco goods in Belarus.<ref>[http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/indicators/regions/i2.php Shares of region and Minsk City in the national output of selected industrial products in 2012] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210152713/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/indicators/regions/i2.php |date=10 December 2013 }}</ref>

Today the city has over 250 factories and plants. Its industrial development started in the 1860s and was facilitated by the railways built in the 1870s. However, much of the industrial infrastructure was destroyed during World War I, especially during World War II. After the last war, the development of the city was linked to the development of industry, especially of [[Research and development|R&D]]-intensive sectors (heavy emphasis of R&D intensive industries in [[urban planning|urban development]] in the USSR is known in Western geography as 'Minsk phenomenon').{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} Minsk was turned into a major production site for trucks, tractors, gears, optical equipment, refrigerators, television sets and radios, bicycles, motorcycles, watches, and metal-processing equipment. Outside machine-building and electronics, Minsk also had textiles, construction materials, food processing, and printing industries. During the Soviet period, the development of the industries was linked to suppliers and markets within the USSR. The break-up of the union in 1991 led to a serious economic meltdown in 1991–1994.<ref name="Intereconomics">{{cite journal |title=The Political Economy of the Belarusian Crisis |url=https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2020/number/5/article/the-political-economy-of-the-belarusian-crisis.html |journal=Intereconomics |year=2020 |volume=2020 |issue=5 |pages=274–275 |last1=Guriev |first1=Sergei |doi=10.1007/s10272-020-0913-1 |doi-access=free |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230131749/https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2020/number/5/article/the-political-economy-of-the-belarusian-crisis.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, since the adoption of the neo-Keynesean policies under [[Alexander Lukashenko]]'s government in 1995, much of the gross industrial production was regained.<ref name="Intereconomics"/> Unlike many other cities in the CIS and Eastern Europe, Minsk was not heavily de-industrialised in the 1990s. About 40% of the workforce is still employed in the [[Secondary sector of the economy|manufacturing sector]].<ref name="Intereconomics"/>

Major industrial employers include:
*[[Minsk Tractor Works|Minsk Tractor Plant]]&nbsp;– specialised in manufacturing tractors. Established in 1946 in eastern Minsk, is among major manufacturers of wheeled tractors in the CIS. Employs about 30,000 staff.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://abcnews.go.com/International/belarus-opposition-calls-national-strike-key-test-protest/story?id=73842209|title = Belarus opposition calls for national strike in what could be key test for protest movement|website = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date = 25 February 2022|archive-date = 25 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220225211727/https://abcnews.go.com/International/belarus-opposition-calls-national-strike-key-test-protest/story?id=73842209|url-status = live}}</ref>
*[[Minsk Automobile Plant]]&nbsp;– specialising in producing trucks, buses, and mini-vans. Established in 1944 in south-eastern Minsk, is among major vehicle manufacturers in the CIS.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}
*[[Minsk Refrigerator Plant]] (also known as Atlant)&nbsp;– specialised in manufacturing household goods, such as refrigerators, freezers, and recently also of [[washing machine]]s. Established in 1959 in the north-west of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About ATLANT. High-tech, dynamically developing enterprise |url=https://en.atlant.by/about/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=ATLANT |language=en}}</ref>
*Horizont&nbsp;– specialised in producing TV-sets, audio and video electronics. Established in 1950 in north-central Minsk.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

=== Unemployment ===
In 2011 official statistics quote unemployment in Minsk at 0.3%.<ref name="nav.2302">{{Cite web|url=http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/02/23/ic_articles_116_172587/|title=Сколько реально безработных в Минске? &#124; naviny.by|date=23 February 2011 |access-date=20 August 2011|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111203529/http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/02/23/ic_articles_116_172587/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 2009 census 5.6% of Minsk residents of employable age called themselves unemployed.<ref name="nav.2302" />
The government effectively discourages official unemployment registration because of tiny unemployment benefits and obligatory public works. In 2015–2017 there was an attempt (cancelled in January 2018) to collect the {{ill|Decree on the prevention of social parasitism|lt='free rider tax'|ru|Декрет о предупреждении социального иждивенчества}} taken from those who were unemployed unregistered for more than 6 months.<ref>{{cite web
 |language     = ru
 |url          = https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-42826759
 |title        = Лукашенко отменил "налог на тунеядцев". Но лишит льгот неработающих
 |trans-title  = Lukashenko Cancells 'Unemployment Tax' but Suspends Benefits
 |publisher    = BBC
 |date         = 2018-01-25
 |accessdate   = 2021-12-09
 |archive-date = 9 December 2021
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20211209152413/https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-42826759
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref>