Editing Metro Manila (section)

==Geography==
{{See also|Geography of Manila|Land reclamation in Metro Manila}}

[[File:Metro Manila Elevation Map.png|thumb|150px|Metropolitan Manila, or the National Capital Region, is divided morphologically into three major parts. These are the: Central Plateau, Coastal Lowland, and Marikina Valley]]

Metro Manila is located in the southwestern portion of [[Luzon]]. The region lies along the flat [[Alluvium|alluvial]] lands extending from the mouth of the [[Pasig River]] in the west to the higher rugged lands of Marikina Valley in the east. The region is geographically divided into 4 zones: the Coastal Margin, Guadalupe Plateau, Marikina Valley, and the Laguna Lowlands.

The Coastal Margin or Lowland is a flat and low plain that faces [[Manila Bay]]. Located here is [[Manila]], [[Navotas]], parts of [[Malabon]], and the western part and reclaimed areas of [[Pasay]] and [[Parañaque]], where the ground elevation ranges from zero meters on Manila Bay to {{convert|5|m|sp=us|spell=in}} at the west side of the cities of [[Mandaluyong]] and [[Makati]]. The Coastal Lowland possesses resources for offshore fisheries and fishpond development, and various [[land reclamation|reclamation projects]] in the area are meant for mixed-use urban development.

The Central or Guadalupe Plateau is the most adaptable to urban development activities not only because of its solid geographical foundations but also because of its existing infrastructure links with the rest of Luzon. It is mainly residential and includes the densely populated areas of Metro Manila such [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]], [[Makati]] and [[Quezon City]], as well as most parts of [[Caloocan]] and [[Mandaluyong]]. The ground elevation ranges from {{convert|20|to|40|m|sp=us}} and gradually becomes lower towards its western side, while ground elevation ranges from {{convert|70|to|100|m|sp=us}} towards the northwestern side of the plateau. The area becomes narrower along the [[Pasig River]].

The Marikina Valley is a [[floodplain]] along the [[Marikina River]] and a delta along [[Laguna de Bay]]. Its elevation ranges from {{convert|2|m|sp=us|spell=in}} on the Laguna de Bay side to {{convert|30|m|sp=us}} on its north side towards Montalban. It is surrounded by the Central Plateau and mountains of Rizal. It has fertile land suitable for crop cultivation while the [[Marikina River]] provides water for industrial uses and discharge.

The Laguna Lowlands is not only suitable for [[agriculture]] and [[aquaculture]] but also for industrial activity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=Metro Manila and Its 200KM Radius Sphere |url=https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12001491_02.pdf |access-date=November 13, 2020 |publisher=Japan International Cooperation Agency |archive-date=November 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114110845/https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12001491_02.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Natural hazards===
[[File:Pasig-marikina_river_drainagebasin.png|thumb|left|150px|Drainage map of the [[Pasig River|Pasig]]-[[Marikina River]] system]]
[[File:ManggahanFloodwayOndoy.jpg|thumb|Flooding brought by [[Typhoon Ketsana]] (Tropical Storm Ondoy) in 2009 caused 484 deaths in Metro Manila alone.]]

Metro Manila is exposed to multiple natural hazards such as [[earthquake]]s, [[flood]]s, and [[typhoon]]s. It is surrounded by active [[Fault (geology)|faults]] including the [[Marikina Valley Fault System]]. Other distant faults such as the [[Philippine Fault System|Philippine Faults]], Lubang Faults, [[Manila Trench]] and Casiguran Faults, are a threat as well.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lila Ramos Shahani |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Living on a Fault Line: Manila in a 7.2 Earthquake |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/05/11/1453392/living-fault-line-manila-7.2-earthquake |url-status=dead |access-date=May 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090248/http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/05/11/1453392/living-fault-line-manila-7.2-earthquake |archive-date=May 18, 2015}}</ref> Flooding is recurrent every year especially in low-lying areas of [[Valenzuela, Metro Manila|Valenzuela]], [[Malabon]], [[Caloocan]], [[Navotas]], [[Manila]], [[Pasay]], [[Parañaque]], and [[Las Piñas]], where flood are generally linked with the [[tide|tidal movements]] in [[Manila Bay]]. Meanwhile, [[Marikina]], [[Pasig]], [[Taguig]], and [[Pateros]] are areas inland that are also prone to flooding. These areas are located along the Marikina Valley where there is poor soil drainage and a shallow [[water table]] due to being in proximity to Laguna Bay's shores. Flood risks are generally lower in cities along the Guadalupe Plateau, including [[Quezon City]], [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]], [[Makati]], [[Mandaluyong]] and [[Muntinlupa]], where volcanic rocks rise up to {{convert|40|to|70|m|sp=us}} above sea level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pornasdoro |first1=Karlo |last2=Silva |first2=Liz |last3=Munárriz |first3=Maria Lourdes |last4=Estepa |first4=Beau |last5=Capaque |first5=Curtis |title=Flood Risk of Metro Manila Barangays: A GIS Based Risk Assessment Using Multi-Criteria Techniques |url=https://conference.surp.upd.edu.ph/downloads/JURP1/JURP_04_PORNASDORO_arial_lines_05a.pdf |journal=Journal in Urban and Regional Planning |volume=1 |issue=2014 |pages=51–72 |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107124213/https://conference.surp.upd.edu.ph/downloads/JURP1/JURP_04_PORNASDORO_arial_lines_05a.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Around five to seven typhoons hit Manila yearly. [[Manila]] was ranked as the second riskiest capital city after [[Tokyo]] to live in according to [[Swiss Re]].<ref name="SD:MVF">{{Cite news |last=Lozada |first=Bong |date=March 27, 2014 |title=Metro Manila is world's second riskiest capital to live in–poll |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/589526/manila-is-worlds-second-riskiest-city-to-live-in-poll |url-status=live |access-date=April 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307075903/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/589526/manila-is-worlds-second-riskiest-city-to-live-in-poll |archive-date=March 7, 2016}}</ref>

===Climate===
According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], there are two climates in Metro Manila. Most of the region has a [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry climate]] (Köppen climate classification Aw) while the northeastern part of the region that lies on the foothills of [[Sierra Madre (Philippines)|Sierra Madre]] has a [[tropical monsoon climate]]. Together with the rest of the Philippines, Manila lies entirely within the tropics. Its proximity to the [[equator]] means that temperatures are hot year-round, rarely going below 15&nbsp;°C or above 39&nbsp;°C. Temperature extremes have ranged from 14.4&nbsp;°C on January 11, 1914,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Temperatures drop further in Baguio, MM |work=[[Philippine Star]] |url=http://www.philstar.com:8080/nation/2014/01/01/1273885/temperatures-drop-further-baguio-mm |url-status=dead |access-date=October 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025102904/http://www.philstar.com:8080/nation/2014/01/01/1273885/temperatures-drop-further-baguio-mm |archive-date=October 25, 2014}}</ref> to 38.8&nbsp;°C on April 27, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippines endure extreme heat until mid May |url=https://qa.philstar.com/headlines/2024/04/28/2351079/philippines-endure-extreme-heat-until-mid-may |access-date=April 28, 2024 |publisher=[[Philstar.com]]}}</ref>

Humidity levels are usually very high all year round. Manila has a distinct [[dry season]] from December through April, and a relatively lengthy [[wet season]] that covers the remaining period with slightly cooler temperatures. In the wet season, it rarely rains all day, but rainfall is very heavy during short periods. [[Typhoon]]s usually occur from June to September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manila |url=http://jeepneyguide.com/manila/travel-guide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822140435/http://jeepneyguide.com/manila/travel-guide |archive-date=August 22, 2016 |access-date=March 4, 2014 |publisher=Jeepneyguide}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2019}}
{{Weather box
|location = Port Area, Manila (1981–2010, extremes 1885–2023)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Yes
|temperature colour =
| Jan record high C = 36.5
| Feb record high C = 35.6
| Mar record high C = 36.8
| Apr record high C = 38.0
| May record high C = 38.6
| Jun record high C = 37.6
| Jul record high C = 37.0
| Aug record high C = 35.6
| Sep record high C = 35.3
| Oct record high C = 35.8
| Nov record high C = 35.6
| Dec record high C = 34.6
|year record high C = 38.6
|Jan high C = 29.6
|Feb high C = 30.6
|Mar high C = 32.1
|Apr high C = 33.5
|May high C = 33.2
|Jun high C = 32.2
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 30.8
|Sep high C = 31.0
|Oct high C = 31.1
|Nov high C = 30.9
|Dec high C = 29.8
|year high C = 31.3
|Jan mean C = 26.7
|Feb mean C = 27.4
|Mar mean C = 28.7
|Apr mean C = 30.1
|May mean C = 30.0
|Jun mean C = 29.3
|Jul mean C = 28.5
|Aug mean C = 28.3
|Sep mean C = 28.4
|Oct mean C = 28.4
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 27.0
|year mean C = 28.4
|Jan low C = 23.8
|Feb low C = 24.2
|Mar low C = 25.3
|Apr low C = 26.6
|May low C = 26.9
|Jun low C = 26.4
|Jul low C = 25.9
|Aug low C = 25.8
|Sep low C = 25.7
|Oct low C = 25.7
|Nov low C = 25.1
|Dec low C = 24.2
|year low C = 25.5
| Jan record low C = 14.5
| Feb record low C = 15.6
| Mar record low C = 16.2
| Apr record low C = 17.2
| May record low C = 20.0
| Jun record low C = 20.1
| Jul record low C = 19.4
| Aug record low C = 18.0
| Sep record low C = 20.2
| Oct record low C = 19.5
| Nov record low C = 16.8
| Dec record low C = 15.7
|year record low C = 14.5
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 17.3
| Feb rain mm = 14.2
| Mar rain mm = 15.8
| Apr rain mm = 23.7
| May rain mm = 147.2
| Jun rain mm = 253.5
| Jul rain mm = 420.5
| Aug rain mm = 432.4
| Sep rain mm = 355.1
| Oct rain mm = 234.8
| Nov rain mm = 121.7
| Dec rain mm = 67.4
|year rain mm = 2103.6
|unit rain days = 0.1 mm
|Jan rain days = 4
|Feb rain days = 3
|Mar rain days = 3
|Apr rain days = 4
|May rain days = 10
|Jun rain days = 17
|Jul rain days = 21
|Aug rain days = 21
|Sep rain days = 20
|Oct rain days = 17
|Nov rain days = 12
|Dec rain days = 7
|year rain days = 139
|Jan humidity = 72
|Feb humidity = 69
|Mar humidity = 67
|Apr humidity = 66
|May humidity = 71
|Jun humidity = 76
|Jul humidity = 79
|Aug humidity = 81
|Sep humidity = 80
|Oct humidity = 78
|Nov humidity = 75
|Dec humidity = 74
|year humidity = 74
|Jan sun = 177
|Feb sun = 198
|Mar sun = 226
|Apr sun = 258
|May sun = 223
|Jun sun = 162
|Jul sun = 133
|Aug sun = 133
|Sep sun = 132
|Oct sun = 158
|Nov sun = 153
|Dec sun = 152
|year sun = 2105
|source 1 = [[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration|PAGASA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Area Manila Climatological Normal Values |url=https://data.gov.ph/?q=dataset/climatological-normal-values/resource/d5d9e8a2-2596-4b64-8d3c-fc2b050d7f1a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919043821/https://data.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pagasanormvalportareamnl1981-2010.csv |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |access-date=September 19, 2018 |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Area Manila Climatological Extremes |url=https://data.gov.ph/?q=dataset/climatological-extremes/resource/bde2cd7e-1c5b-4df9-aab3-eae13062e1fc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919043856/https://data.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pagasaclimextrportareamnl.csv |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |access-date=September 19, 2018 |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Danish Meteorological Institute]] (sun, 1931–1960)<ref name="DMI">{{Cite web |last1=Cappelen |first1=John |last2=Jensen |first2=Jens |title=Filippinerne – Manila, Luzon |url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |archive-date=April 27, 2013 |access-date=September 19, 2018 |website=Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=da}}</ref>
|date=December 2014
}}
{{Weather box
| location = Pasay ([[Ninoy Aquino International Airport]]) 1981–2010, extremes 1947–2024
| metric first = Yes
| single line  = Yes
| collapsed = Yes
| Jan record high C = 35.8
| Feb record high C = 35.1
| Mar record high C = 36.5
| Apr record high C = 38.8
| May record high C = 38.1
| Jun record high C = 38.0
| Jul record high C = 36.4
| Aug record high C = 35.2
| Sep record high C = 34.9
| Oct record high C = 36.0
| Nov record high C = 35.8
| Dec record high C = 34.2
|year record high C = 38.8
| Jan high C = 30.2
| Feb high C = 31.0
| Mar high C = 32.5
| Apr high C = 34.1
| May high C = 33.8
| Jun high C = 32.5
| Jul high C = 31.3
| Aug high C = 30.8
| Sep high C = 31.0
| Oct high C = 31.1
| Nov high C = 31.1
| Dec high C = 30.2
| year high C = 31.6
| Jan mean C = 26.1
| Feb mean C = 26.7
| Mar mean C = 28.0
| Apr mean C = 29.5
| May mean C = 29.7
| Jun mean C = 28.8
| Jul mean C = 28.0
| Aug mean C = 27.7
| Sep mean C = 27.8
| Oct mean C = 27.7
| Nov mean C = 27.4
| Dec mean C = 26.5
| year mean C = 27.8
| Jan low C = 22.0
| Feb low C = 22.5
| Mar low C = 23.6
| Apr low C = 25.0
| May low C = 25.5
| Jun low C = 25.1
| Jul low C = 24.6
| Aug low C = 24.6
| Sep low C = 24.6
| Oct low C = 24.3
| Nov low C = 23.7
| Dec low C = 22.7
| year low C = 24.0
| Jan record low C = 14.8
| Feb record low C = 14.6
| Mar record low C = 16.0
| Apr record low C = 18.7
| May record low C = 19.1
| Jun record low C = 20.0
| Jul record low C = 18.3
| Aug record low C = 17.4
| Sep record low C = 19.1
| Oct record low C = 18.0
| Nov record low C = 17.2
| Dec record low C = 16.3
|year record low C = 14.6
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 6.8
| Feb rain mm = 4.2
| Mar rain mm = 4.0
| Apr rain mm = 16.0
| May rain mm = 70.4
| Jun rain mm = 265.2
| Jul rain mm = 316.7
| Aug rain mm = 418.4
| Sep rain mm = 255.2
| Oct rain mm = 283.4
| Nov rain mm = 99.0
| Dec rain mm = 28.6
|year rain mm = 1767.8
|unit rain days = 0.1 mm
| Jan rain days = 2
| Feb rain days = 1
| Mar rain days = 1
| Apr rain days = 1
| May rain days = 6
| Jun rain days = 14
| Jul rain days = 16
| Aug rain days = 19
| Sep rain days = 16
| Oct rain days = 14
| Nov rain days = 8
| Dec rain days = 3
|year rain days = 101
| Jan humidity = 75
| Feb humidity = 72
| Mar humidity = 68
| Apr humidity = 67
| May humidity = 72
| Jun humidity = 77
| Jul humidity = 81
| Aug humidity = 83
| Sep humidity = 83
| Oct humidity = 80
| Nov humidity = 78
| Dec humidity = 76
| year humidity = 76
| source 1 = PAGASA<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAIA Pasay City Climatological Normal Values |url=https://data.gov.ph/?q=dataset/climatological-normal-values/resource/9dd480c7-8192-4d3f-97c8-9bc1ac7b2773 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010232044/https://data.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pagasanormvalnaiapasay1981-2010.csv |archive-date=October 10, 2018 |access-date=October 10, 2018 |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NAIA Pasay City Climatological Extremes |url=https://data.gov.ph/?q=dataset/climatological-extremes/resource/86bae162-9af6-424e-8964-169574fba3d2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010232123/https://data.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pagasaclimextrnaiapasaycity.csv |archive-date=October 10, 2018 |access-date=October 10, 2018 |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration}}</ref>}}
{{Weather box
|location = Science Garden, Quezon City (1981–2010, extremes 1961–2024)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Yes
| Jan record high C = 34.7
| Feb record high C = 35.6
| Mar record high C = 36.8
| Apr record high C = 38.2
| May record high C = 38.5
| Jun record high C = 38.0
| Jul record high C = 36.2
| Aug record high C = 35.8
| Sep record high C = 35.4
| Oct record high C = 35.4
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 34.7
|year record high C = 38.5
|Jan high C = 30.6
|Feb high C = 31.7
|Mar high C = 33.4
|Apr high C = 35.0
|May high C = 34.7
|Jun high C = 33.1
|Jul high C = 31.9
|Aug high C = 31.3
|Sep high C = 31.6
|Oct high C = 31.6
|Nov high C = 31.4
|Dec high C = 30.5
|year high C = 32.2
|Jan mean C = 25.7
|Feb mean C = 26.3
|Mar mean C = 27.8
|Apr mean C = 29.4
|May mean C = 29.7
|Jun mean C = 28.8
|Jul mean C = 28.0
|Aug mean C = 27.8
|Sep mean C = 27.8
|Oct mean C = 27.6
|Nov mean C = 27.1
|Dec mean C = 26.0
|year mean C = 27.7
|Jan low C = 20.8
|Feb low C = 20.9
|Mar low C = 22.1
|Apr low C = 23.7
|May low C = 24.7
|Jun low C = 24.6
|Jul low C = 24.1
|Aug low C = 24.2
|Sep low C = 24.0
|Oct low C = 23.5
|Nov low C = 22.7
|Dec low C = 21.6
|year low C = 23.1
| Jan record low C = 15.5
| Feb record low C = 15.1
| Mar record low C = 14.9
| Apr record low C = 17.2
| May record low C = 17.8
| Jun record low C = 18.1
| Jul record low C = 17.7
| Aug record low C = 17.8
| Sep record low C = 20.0
| Oct record low C = 18.6
| Nov record low C = 15.6
| Dec record low C = 15.1
|year record low C = 14.9
|rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 18.5
| Feb rain mm = 14.6
| Mar rain mm = 24.8
| Apr rain mm = 40.4
| May rain mm = 186.7
| Jun rain mm = 316.5
| Jul rain mm = 493.3
| Aug rain mm = 504.2
| Sep rain mm = 451.2
| Oct rain mm = 296.6
| Nov rain mm = 148.8
| Dec rain mm = 78.7
|year rain mm = 2574.4
|unit rain days = 0.1 mm
|Jan rain days = 4
|Feb rain days = 3
|Mar rain days = 4
|Apr rain days = 5
|May rain days = 12
|Jun rain days = 18
|Jul rain days = 22
|Aug rain days = 23
|Sep rain days = 22
|Oct rain days = 18
|Nov rain days = 14
|Dec rain days = 8
|year rain days = 153
|Jan humidity = 76
|Feb humidity = 73
|Mar humidity = 69
|Apr humidity = 67
|May humidity = 72
|Jun humidity = 79
|Jul humidity = 83
|Aug humidity = 84
|Sep humidity = 84
|Oct humidity = 83
|Nov humidity = 82
|Dec humidity = 79
|year humidity = 78
|source 1 = [[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration|PAGASA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Science Garden Quezon City Climatological Normal Values |url=https://data.gov.ph/?q=dataset/climatological-normal-values/resource/020704e9-50eb-4306-8e4b-3d1629dcbd72 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923160054/https://data.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pagasanormvalscigardenqc1981-2010.csv |archive-date=September 23, 2018 |access-date=September 23, 2018 |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Science Garden Quezon City Climatological Extremes |url=https://data.gov.ph/?q=dataset/climatological-extremes/resource/c131837f-7333-4b4c-8b57-1ef300e82de1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923160133/https://data.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pagasaclimextrsciencegardenqc.csv |archive-date=September 23, 2018 |access-date=September 23, 2018 |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration}}</ref>
}}

===Parks===
{{See also|List of parks in Metro Manila}}
[[File:Rizal Park - Jose Rizal Monument with grass, right side (Manila; 01-01-2020).jpg|thumb|left|[[Rizal Park]] in [[Manila]].]]
[[File:View from the pathway at Paco Park.JPG|thumb|[[Paco Park]] is a former municipal cemetery built by the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] during the [[Spanish Colonial Era (Philippines)|Spanish colonial times]].]]
[[File:05805jfQuezon Memorial City Circlefvf 32.JPG|thumb|[[Quezon Memorial Circle]] (2015)]]
There are four national parks in Metro Manila. These are the [[Rizal Park]], [[Paco Park]], and [[Fort Santiago]] in the [[Manila|City of Manila]] and [[Quezon Memorial Circle|Quezon Memorial National Park]] in [[Quezon City]]. Rizal Park and Paco Park are managed by the National Parks and Development Committee (NPDC), while [[Fort Santiago]] is managed by the [[Intramuros Administration]]. A tripartite agreement between the Quezon City Government, the National Historical Institute and the NPDC transferred the management of [[Quezon Memorial Circle|Quezon Memorial National Park]] to the Quezon City Government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2011 |title=Annual Audit Report of the National Parks and Development Committee |url=http://www.nationalparks.ph/transparency_seal/coa%20report%202011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093111/http://www.nationalparks.ph/transparency_seal/coa%20report%202011.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 12, 2015 |publisher=National Parks and Development Committee}}</ref> The region also has [[list of protected areas of the Philippines|three protected areas]], namely the Rizal Park, [[Ninoy Aquino Parks & Wildlife Center]] and the Manila Bay Beach Resort.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Areas in National Capital Region |url=http://www.bmb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=382:ncr&catid=69 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130003/http://www.bmb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=382:ncr&catid=69 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=May 11, 2015 |publisher=Biodiversity Management Bureau}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=July 2021}}

[[Rizal Park]], also known as Luneta Park, is considered the largest [[urban park]] in [[Asia]] with an area of {{convert|58|ha}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gwen de la Cruz |date=January 12, 2015 |title=FAST FACTS: Rizal Park |work=Rappler |url=http://www.rappler.com/specials/pope-francis-ph/stories/80688-fast-facts-rizal-park |url-status=live |access-date=March 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307100459/http://www.rappler.com/specials/pope-francis-ph/stories/80688-fast-facts-rizal-park |archive-date=March 7, 2016}}</ref> The park along with the historic walled area of [[Intramuros]] are designated as flagship destination to become a tourism enterprise zone according to the Tourism Act of 2009.<ref name="TourismAct">{{Cite PH act|title=The Tourism Act of 2009 |chamber=RA |number=9593 |url=http://www.tourism.gov.ph/Downloadable%20Files/RA%209593.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430234102/http://www.tourism.gov.ph/Downloadable%20Files/RA%209593.pdf |archive-date=April 30, 2015 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |date=May 12, 2009 |publisher=[[Department of Tourism (Philippines)|Department of Tourism]]}}</ref> [[Paco Park]] is a recreational garden which was once the city's municipal cemetery built by the Dominicans during the Spanish colonial period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paco Park |url=http://pacopark.nationalparks.ph/main.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030016/http://pacopark.nationalparks.ph/main.htm |archive-date=December 19, 2013 |access-date=May 3, 2014}}</ref> Filipino [[Landscape architect]] [[Ildefonso P. Santos Jr.|IP Santos]], the "Father of Philippine Landscape Architecture", was commissioned to do the design of converting the former cemetery into a park.

[[Manila Zoo]] is the oldest [[zoo]] in Asia, which was founded in 1959. It is the home to more than a thousand animals from 90 different species including the 40-year-old elephant, Mali. The zoo has an average of 4,000 visitors weekly. An estimated 40,000 tourists visit the zoo each month.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jenny F. Manongdo |date=May 21, 2015 |title=Manila Zoo renovation underway by July |work=Manila Bulletin |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/manila-zoo-renovation-underway-by-july/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522182735/http://www.mb.com.ph/manila-zoo-renovation-underway-by-july/ |archive-date=May 22, 2015}}</ref>

[[La Mesa Ecopark]] is a 33-hectare well-developed sanctuary around the La Mesa Watershed. It was established through a joint partnership between the [[Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System]], [[ABS-CBN Corporation|ABS-CBN]], and the Quezon City Government. [[La Mesa Ecopark]], along with the [[Ninoy Aquino Parks & Wildlife Center]], are important [[nature reserve]]s in the Philippines.

The [[Las Piñas]]-[[Parañaque]] Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA) was declared as a critical habitat by the [[Government of the Philippines]] in 2007<ref name="lppchea">{{Cite web |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009–2014 |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/2PH006_RIS_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123046/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/2PH006_RIS_2013.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 4, 2014 |publisher=[[Wetlands International]]}}</ref> and was listed by the [[Ramsar Convention]] as a Wetland of International Importance in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Philippines |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-16085/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16085_4000_0__ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008102456/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-16085/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16085_4000_0__ |archive-date=October 8, 2013 |access-date=July 4, 2014 |publisher=[[Ramsar Convention]]}}</ref> LPPCHEA is composed of the [[Freedom Island]] in [[Parañaque]] and the Long Island in [[Las Piñas]] that covers 175 hectares and features a mangrove forest of eight species, [[Mudflat|tidal mudflats]], secluded ponds with fringing salt-tolerant vegetation, a coastal lagoon, and a beach.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2015 |title=Metro Manila's 'secret' wildlife sanctuary – and why it might disappear soon |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/450729/scitech/science/metro-manila-s-secret-wildlife-sanctuary-and-why-it-might-disappear-soon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402182050/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/450729/scitech/science/metro-manila-s-secret-wildlife-sanctuary-and-why-it-might-disappear-soon |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 11, 2015 |publisher=[[GMA News and Public Affairs|GMA News Online]]}}</ref>