Editing Mecca (section)

====Under the Ottomans====
[[File:Khalili Collection Hajj Mecca panorama.jpg|alt=|thumb|Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]]]In 1517, the then Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]] but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mecca|volume=17|page=952}}</ref> In 1803 the city was captured by the [[First Saudi State]],<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm|date=21 July 2011}}". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful ''[[Khedive]]'' (viceroy) and ''[[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]]'' of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]]. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control [[Ottoman return of Mecca 1813|in 1813]]. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the [[Second Saudi State]] that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the ''Hajj'' ([[Ludovico di Varthema]] did this in 1503),<ref>{{cite web|author=Leigh Rayment|title=Ludovico di Varthema|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617222339/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-date=17 June 2012|work=Discoverers Web}}</ref> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by [[cholera]] [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics|outbreaks]]. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics#ref=ref886683 Cholera (pathology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012745/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics|date=27 June 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref>