Editing Matriarchy (section)

===== Ancient Vietnam (before 43 CE) =====
According to William S. Turley, "the role of women in traditional Vietnamese culture was determined [partly] by&nbsp;... indigenous customs bearing traces of matriarchy",<ref name="WomenCommunRevVietnam-p793n1">{{cite journal |last1=Turley |first1=William S. |title=Women in the Communist Revolution in Vietnam |journal=Asian Survey |date=September 1972 |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=793–805 |doi=10.2307/2642829|jstor=2642829 }}</ref> affecting "different social classes"<ref name="WomenCommunRevVietnam-p793n1" /> to "varying degrees".<ref name="WomenCommunRevVietnam-p793n1" /> [[Peter C. Phan]] explains that "the ancient Vietnamese family system was most likely matriarchal, with women ruling over the clan or tribe" until the Vietnamese "adopt[ed] ... the patriarchal system introduced by the Chinese."<ref>{{harvp|Phan|2005|loc=p.&nbsp;12 and see pp.&nbsp;13 & 32}} (the "three persons" apparently being the sisters Trung Trac and Trung Nhi in A.D. 40, per p.&nbsp;12, & Trieu Au in A.D. 248, per p.&nbsp;13).</ref><ref name="VietAmCatholics-p32">{{harvp|Phan|2005|p=32}}</ref> That being said, even after adopting the patriarchal Chinese system, Vietnamese women, especially peasant women, still held a higher position than women in most patriarchal societies.<ref name="VietAmCatholics-p32" /><ref>{{harvp|Phan|2005|p=33}}</ref> According to Chiricosta, the legend of [[Âu Cơ]] is said to be evidence of "the presence of an original 'matriarchy' in North Vietnam and [it] led to the double kinship system, which developed there&nbsp;.... [and which] combined matrilineal and patrilineal patterns of family structure and assigned equal importance to both lines."<ref>Chiricosta, Alessandra, ''Following the Trail of the Fairy-Bird: The Search For a Uniquely Vietnamese Women's Movement'', in {{harvp|Roces|Edwards|2010|pp=125, 126}} (single quotation marks so in original).</ref>{{Efn|[[North Vietnam]], sovereign state until merged with South Vietnam in 1976}}{{Efn|[[Patrilineality|Patrilineal]], belonging to the father's lineage, generally for inheritance}} Chiricosta said that other scholars relied on "this 'matriarchal' aspect of the myth to differentiate Vietnamese society from the pervasive spread of Chinese Confucian patriarchy,"<ref>{{harvp|Roces|Edwards|2010|p=125}} (single quotation marks so in original).</ref>{{Efn|[[Confucianism]], ethics and philosophy derived from Confucius}} and that "resistance to China's colonization of Vietnam&nbsp;... [combined with] the view that Vietnam was originally a matriarchy&nbsp;... [led to viewing] women's struggles for liberation from (Chinese) patriarchy as a metaphor for the entire nation's struggle for Vietnamese independence," and therefore, a "metaphor for the struggle of the matriarchy to resist being overthrown by the patriarchy."<ref>{{harvp|Roces|Edwards|2010|p=125}} (parentheses so in original).</ref> According to [[Keith Taylor (historian)|Keith Weller Taylor]], "the matriarchal flavor of the time is&nbsp;... attested by the fact that Trung Trac's mother's tomb and spirit temple have survived, although nothing remains of her father",<ref>{{harvp|Taylor|1983|p=39}} (n.&nbsp;176 omitted).</ref> and the "society of the Trung sisters" was "strongly matrilineal".<ref>Both quotations: {{harvp|Taylor|1983|p=338}}</ref> According to Donald M. Seekins, an indication of "the strength of matriarchal values"<ref name="TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898">Seekins, Donald M., ''Trung Sisters, Rebellion of (39–43)'', in Sandler, Stanley, ed., ''Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia'' (Santa Barbara California: ABC-Clio, hardcover 2002 ({{ISBN|1-57607-344-0}})), vol. 3, p. 898.</ref> was that a woman, [[Trưng Sisters|Trưng Trắc]], with her younger sister [[Trưng Sisters|Trưng Nhị]], raised an army of "over 80,000 soldiers&nbsp;... [in which] many of her officers were women",<ref name="TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898" /> with which they defeated the Chinese.<ref name="TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898" /> According to Seekins, "in [the year] 40, Trung Trac was proclaimed queen, and a capital was built for her"<ref name="TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898" /> and modern Vietnam considers the Trung sisters to be heroines.<ref name="TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898" /> According to Karen G. Turner, in the third century A.D., [[Lady Triệu]] {{Nowrap|"seem[ed]&nbsp;...}} to personify the matriarchal culture that mitigated Confucianized patriarchal norms&nbsp;.... [although] she is also painted as something of a freak&nbsp;... with her&nbsp;... savage, violent streak."<ref>Turner, Karen G., ''"Vietnam" as a Women's War'', in Young, Marilyn B., & Robert Buzzanco, eds., ''A Companion to the Vietnam War'' (Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, hardback 2002 ({{ISBN|0-631-21013-X}})), pp.&nbsp;95–96 but see p.&nbsp;107.</ref>