Editing Mass of Paul VI (section)

=== Changes to the role of the deacon ===

In the {{lang|la|[[Tridentine Mass|usus antiquor]]}} ({{a.k.a.}} Tridentine Form) the liturgical role of the deacon was largely limited to his role in the {{lang|la|missa solemnis}} ({{a.k.a.}} the Solemn High Mass) and some rites in the {{lang|la|Rituale Romanum}}.<ref name=FortescueOConnellReid2014pp135_173-174>Fortescue, Adrian, O'Connell, J.B., and Reid, Alcuin. (2014), ''The Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described'', Bloomsbury, pp. 135, 173-174.</ref> Furthermore, in the {{lang|la|usus antiquor}} the [[deacon]]'s role was rarely used apart from the [[subdeacon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/deacons-and-baptisms-in-extraordinary-form-4933|title=Deacons and Baptisms in Extraordinary Form &#124; EWTN|website=EWTN Global Catholic Television Network}}</ref> In the Mass of Paul VI, the deacon was now to be included (if he was present), at any level of solemnity, and not just the solemn form of the Mass.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/GIRM/Documents/GIRM.pdf|title=''GIRM'', 171}}</ref>  Furthermore, it was often the practice in the {{lang|la|usus antiquor}}, that the role of the deacon and subdeacon were filled by clerics who were actually ordained as priests or bishops (additionally, sometimes the subdeacon's role was performed by minor clerics who were not yet subdeacons, a practice called a ''straw'' subdeacon).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanctamissa.org/concelebration|title=Concelebration &#124; Sancta Missa|website=Sanctamissa}}</ref><ref name=PCED_2013>{{cite letter
| author = Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei
| author-link = Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei
| recipient = ——
| subject = Prot. N. 39/2011 L
| date = 15 April 2013
| url = https://rorate-caeli.blogspot.com/2015/04/straw-subdeacon-pced-letter.html
| access-date = 1 September 2022
| author-mask = 
| language = English
}}</ref> However, the Missal of Paul VI required that the role of the deacon be filled by one who was, in fact, a deacon (and not a priest or bishop).<ref name=CE_22>''Caerimoniale Episcoporum'' (1995). 22.</ref> This restriction of the role of the deacon to clerics who were, in fact, only deacons makes sense in light of the restoration of the Latin deaconate to a stable ministry – as opposed to the inherited practice of the deacon being almost entirely (except for a few, limited cases) a transitional phase {{lang|la|in cursu honorum}} to the priesthood.  Nonetheless, the practice of bishops and priests assuming the vestments and roles of deacons does continue in some papal ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/details/ns_lit_doc_20091125_cardinali-diaconi_en.html|title=''The Office of the Liturgical Celebrations of the Sovereign Pontiff''}}</ref>

When the deacon proclaimed the Gospel at Mass, it was no longer proclaimed facing the side of the sanctuary, also known as liturgical North, (symbolizing the announcement of the Gospel to the unevangelized),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2020/08/guest-article-ancient-cosmological.html#.YdxhzllMFEY|title=Guest Article: The Ancient Cosmological Roots of Facing North for the Gospel}}</ref><ref name=FortescueOConnellReid2014p137-138>Fortescue, Adrian, O'Connell, J.B., and Reid, Alcuin. (2014), ''The Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described'', Bloomsbury, pp. 137-138.</ref> but rather from the ''ambo'' towards the people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/GIRM/Documents/GIRM.pdf|title=''GIRM'', 175}}</ref>  Furthermore, the priest no longer had to read the Gospel before the deacon proclaimed it, the subdeacon (being soon eliminated) no longer held the Book of the Gospels ({{a.k.a.}} ''Evangelium''),<ref name=FortescueOConnellReid2014p135>Fortescue, Adrian, O'Connell, J.B., and Reid, Alcuin. (2014), ''The Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described'', Bloomsbury, pp. 135.</ref> and the Gospel no longer had to be sung by the deacon, but could (optionally) be read.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/GIRM/Documents/GIRM.pdf|title=''GIRM'', 38, 171(c).}}</ref>
	
Having been lost by the time of the Leonine [[Sacramentary]] in 560 A.D., the {{lang|la|Oratio Universalis}} ({{a.k.a.}} [[Prayer of the Faithful]]) was restored to its former location after the Creed and before the Offertory (indicated in the {{lang|la|usus antiquor}} by the priest turning immediately before the Offertory, and saying {{lang|la|Oremus}} and the immediately proceeding to the Offertory), as a properly deacon's part.<ref name=Crouan2005p315>Crouan, S.T.D. Denis (2005), ''The History and the Future of the Roman Liturgy'', Ignatius Press, pp. 315-316.</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/GIRM/Documents/GIRM.pdf|title=''GIRM'', 197}}</ref> However, in practice the intentions in the {{lang|la|Oratio Universalis}} are still commonly read by laypersons (sometimes even when deacons are present, contrary to directives).<ref name="auto1"/>  The {{lang|la|Oratio Universalis}} may be sung in the style of a litany, with provided music in the 2002 {{lang|la|Missale Romanum}}.<ref name=RomanMissal3rdEd>Catholic Church, ''The Roman Missal'', Catholic Book Publishing Corp., New Jersey. 2011, pp. 1284.</ref>

The deacon's duties at the Offertory also changed. Absent the subdeacon after 1972, the deacon was responsible for placing both the wine and the water into the chalice (instead of having the subdeacon place the water in the chalice).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/GIRM/Documents/GIRM.pdf|title=''GIRM'', 38, 178(c).}}</ref><ref name=FortescueOConnellReid2014pp132>Fortescue, Adrian, O'Connell, J.B., and Reid, Alcuin. (2014), ''The Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described'', Bloomsbury, p. 132.</ref>  After presenting the chalice to the priest, the deacon formerly (in the {{lang|la|usus antiquor}}) would support either the priest's arm or the base of the chalice and saying with the priest, {{lang|la|"Offerimus tibi..."}}, but in the Missal of Paul VI, the deacon presents the chalice to the priest, who offers it alone, saying {{lang|la|"Benedictus Es..."}}<ref name=FortescueOConnellReid2014pp139>Fortescue, Adrian, O'Connell, J.B., and Reid, Alcuin. (2014), ''The Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described'', Bloomsbury, p. 139.</ref><ref name="auto"/>