Editing Manganese (section)

====Batteries====
[[Manganese(IV) oxide]] was used in the original type of dry cell [[Battery (electricity)|battery]] as an electron acceptor from zinc, and is the blackish material in carbon–zinc type flashlight cells. The manganese dioxide is reduced to the manganese oxide-hydroxide MnO(OH) during discharging, preventing the formation of hydrogen at the anode of the battery.<ref name="BattHist"/>

:MnO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + e<sup>−</sup> → MnO(OH) + {{chem|OH|-}}

The same material also functions in newer [[Alkaline battery|alkaline batteries]] (usually battery cells), which use the same basic reaction, but a different electrolyte mixture. In 2002, more than 230,000&nbsp;tons of manganese dioxide was used for this purpose.<ref name="ChiuZMnO2" /><ref name="BattHist">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0167-2738(00)00722-0|title=Batteries fifty years of materials development|date=2000|last=Dell|first=R. M.|journal=Solid State Ionics|volume=134|issue=1–2|pages=139–158}}</ref>