Editing Mandolin (section)

==== Other bowlback styles====
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
 | align = right
 |image3= Giovanni Vailati.png
 | width3=140
 | alt3= Giovanni Vailati, blind mandolinist of Cremona
|caption3= [[Giovanni Vailati (musician)|Giovanni Vailati]], "Blind mandolinist of Cremona", toured Europe in the 1850s with a six-string Lombard mandolin.<ref name=bicent3>{{cite web |url=https://www.cremaonline.it/cultura/07-09-2014_Historia+et+imago+Cremae.+La+vita+di+Giovanni+Vailati,+il+Paganini+del+mandolino/ |title=Historia et imago Cremae. La vita di Giovanni Vailati, il Paganini del mandolino: dai caffè cremaschi ai teatri d'Europa [translation: Historia et imago Cremae. The life of Giovanni Vailati, the Paganini of the mandolin: from the cremaschi cafés to the theaters of Europe] |last= Dossena|first=Luigi |date=7 September 2014 |website=cremonaonline.it |access-date=11 June 2018 |quote= ...on December 2, 1852 in Parma at the Regio theater he performed a single string music from his mandolin, on a Lombard-type mandolin inspired by sixteenth-century instruments still unformed and rough. It was a soprano lute, very small, having the semblance of a paunchy half-egg, which he later replaced with a mandolin inspired by Hispanic Bandurria- type models... }}</ref>

 | image2 = London-Victoria and Albert Museum-Musical instrument-02.jpg
 | width2 = 134
 | alt2 = Lombard mandolin with twelve strings (six courses)
 | caption2 = Lombard mandolin with twelve strings in six courses. The bridge is glued to the soundboard, like a guitar's bridge.

 | image1 = Cremoneze mandolin from Bortolazzi.png
 | width1 = 166
 | alt1 = Cremonese mandolin, 1805
 | caption1  =Cremonese mandolin with four strings, from an 1805 book by [[Bartolomeo Bortolazzi]]

 | image4 = Mandolin MET DP169117.jpg
 | width4 = 150
 | alt4 = Genoese mandolin, 19th century
 | caption4  =Genoese mandolin with twelve strings in six courses. The bridge is held to the soundboard by the strings.}}

Another family of bowlback mandolins came from [[Milan]] and [[Lombardy]].<ref name=MilaneseLombardic>{{cite web|url=http://www.mandolinluthier.com/Lombardic_mandolin_makers.htm|title=Milanese Mandolin Makers|website=Mandolinluthier.com|access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or [[Mandore (instrument)|mandore]] than other modern mandolins.<ref name=MilaneseLombardic/> They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back.<ref name="Sparks206">{{harvnb|Sparks|2003|page=206}}</ref> The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-silk bass-strings.<ref name=MilaneseLombardic/><ref name="Sparks206"/> The strings ran between the tuning pegs and a bridge that was glued to the soundboard, as a guitar's. The Lombard mandolins were tuned g–b–e′–a′–d″–g″ (shown in [[Helmholtz pitch notation]]).<ref name="Sparks206"/> A developer of the Milanese style was Antonio Monzino (Milan) and his family who made them for six generations.<ref name=MilaneseLombardic/>

Samuel Adelstein described the Lombard mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4.<ref name="Adelsteinp14">{{harvnb|Adelstein|1893|p=14}}</ref> The Lombard was tuned C–D–A–E–B–G.<ref name="Adelsteinp14"/> The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's.<ref name="Adelsteinp14"/> There were 20 frets, covering three octaves, with an additional 5 notes.<ref name="Adelsteinp14"/> When Adelstein wrote, there were no nylon strings, and the gut and single strings "do not vibrate so clearly and sweetly as the double steel string of the Neapolitan."<ref name="Adelsteinp14"/>

===== Brescian mandolin or Cremonese mandolin =====
[[Brescia]]n mandolins (also known as Cremonese) that have survived in museums have four gut strings instead of six and a fixed bridge.<ref name=mandocafebrescian>{{cite web |url=http://www.mandolincafe.com/forum/showthread.php?74060-Plans-of-Brescian-mandolin |title=Thread: Plans of Brescian mandolin... |website=Mandolin Cafe |access-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Sparks205"/> The mandolin was tuned in fifths, like the Neapolitan mandolin.<ref name=mandocafebrescian/> In his 1805 [[Method (music)#Mandolin or mandolin-banjo or banjolin|mandolin method]], ''Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi'', [[Bartolomeo Bortolazzi]] popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached.<ref name=Bortolazzi>{{cite book |last=Bortolazzi |first=Bartolomeo |date= 1805|title=Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oz5cAAAAcAAJ |language=de |location=Leipzig, Germany |publisher=Breitkopf and Härtell|page=1 }}</ref><ref name="Sparks205">{{harvnb|Sparks|2003|page=205}}</ref> Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire-strung mandolins were uncomfortable to play, when compared with the gut-string instruments.<ref name=Bortolazzi/> Also, he felt they had a "less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone" as compared to the gut string's "softer, full-singing tone."<ref name=Bortolazzi/>
He favored the four single strings of the Cremonese instrument, which were tuned the same as the Neapolitan.<ref name="Sparks205"/><ref name=Bortolazzi/>

=====Genoese mandolin, a blend of styles=====
Like the Lombard mandolin, the [[Genoa|Genoese]] mandolin was not tuned in fifths. Its 6 gut strings (or 6 courses of strings) were tuned as a guitar but one octave higher: e-a-d’-g’-b natural-e”.<ref name=musinswld>{{cite book|editor1-last= Midgley|editor1-first= Ruth|date= 1997|title= Musical Instruments of the World|url= https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00diag/page/188|location= New York|publisher= Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|page= [https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00diag/page/188 188]|isbn= 0-8069-9847-4|quote= ...six pairs of string, and a wider neck than the Neapolitan instrument...|url-access= registration}}</ref><ref name=GenoaMet>{{cite web |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/180013407|title= Mandolin,19th century Italian|author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date= 4 April 2018 |quote=  “mandola o mandolino alla Genovese”, this mandoline has six pairs of gut strings, fifteen rosewood ribs, and mother-of-pearl and tortoiseshell inlays. It differs from other gut-strung mandolins in being tuned an octave higher than the modern guitar (e, a, d’, g’ b-natural, e”) and having a guitar-like peg block}}</ref> Like the Neapolitan and unlike the Lombard mandolin, the Genoese does not have the bridge glued to the soundboard, but holds the bridge on with downward tension, from strings that run between the bottom and neck of the instrument. The neck was wider than the Neapolitan mandolin's neck.<ref name=musinswld/> The peg-head is similar to the guitar's.<ref name=GenoaMet/>