Editing Majapahit (section)

===Decline===
Following Hayam Wuruk's death in 1389, Majapahit power entered a period of decline with conflict over succession.<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|241}} Hayam Wuruk was succeeded by the crown princess Kusumawardhani, who married a relative, Prince [[Wikramawardhana]]. Hayam Wuruk also had a son from his previous marriage, the crown prince [[Wirabhumi]], who also claimed the throne.

By the time of Hayam Wuruk's death, Majapahit had lost its grip on its vassal states on the northern coasts of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, the latter which according to Chinese sources, would become a tributary state of the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] until the rise of [[Malacca Sultanate]], supported by the [[Ming dynasty]].<ref name="notes on the malay archipelago">Groeneveldt, Willem Pieter (1876). "[https://archive.org/details/notes-on-the-malay-archipelago/page/n7/mode/2up?q= Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca, Compiled from Chinese Sources]". Batavia: W. Bruining.</ref>

In the 14th century a Malay [[Kingdom of Singapura]] was established, and it promptly attracted a Majapahit navy that regarded it as [[Temasek|Tumasik]], a rebellious colony. Singapura was finally [[Sack of Singapore|sacked by Majapahit]] in 1398,<ref>{{harvnb|Tsang|Perera|2011|p=120}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sabrizain}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Abshire|2011|pp=19, 24}}</ref> after approximately 1 month long siege by 300 jong and 200,000 men.<ref name=":10">Nugroho (2011), pp. 271, 399–400, quoting ''Sejarah Melayu'', 10.4: 77: "... ''maka bagindapun segera menyuruh berlengkap tiga ratus buah jung, lain dari pada itu kelulus, pelang, jongkong, tiada terbilang lagi''." (then His Majesty immediately ordered to equip three hundred jong, other than that kelulus, pelang, jongkong in uncountable numbers.)</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Ahmad |first=Abdul Samad |title=Sulalatus Salatin (Sejarah Melayu) |url=http://mymanuskrip.fsktm.um.edu.my/Greenstone/cgi-bin/library.exe?a=d&c=publishe&cl=CL1&d=DSulatus%20Salatin:%20Sejarah%20Melayu |year=1979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012025208/http://mymanuskrip.fsktm.um.edu.my/Greenstone/cgi-bin/library.exe?a=d&c=publishe&cl=CL1&d=DSulatus%20Salatin:%20Sejarah%20Melayu |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka |isbn=983-62-5601-6 |quote=Setelah Betara Majapahit mendengar bunyi surat bendahari Singapura itu, maka baginda pun segera menyuruhkan berlengkap tiga ratus jong, lain daripada banting dan jongkong, kelulos, tiada berbilang lagi; dua keti rakyat Jawa yang pergi itu. |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=dead|page=69}}</ref><ref>Kheng, Cheah Boon; Ismail, Abdul Rahman Haji, eds. (1998). ''[https://archive.org/details/sejarah-melayu-cheah-boon-kheng/page/n1/mode/2up?q= Sejarah Melayu The Malay Annals MS Raffles No. 18 Edisi Rumi Baru/New Romanised Edition]''. Academic Art & Printing Services Sdn. Bhd. [https://archive.org/details/sejarah-melayu-cheah-boon-kheng/page/n127/mode/2up?q=jong pp. 118–119]: "Setelah Betara Majapahit mendengar bunyi surat bendahari raja Singapura itu, maka baginda pun segera menyuruh berlengkap tiga ratus buah jong, lain daripada itu kelulus, pilang, jongkong, tiada terbilang lagi banyaknya; maka dua keti rakyat Jawa yang pergi itu; maka segala rakyat Jawa pun pergilah. Setelah datang ke Singapura, maka berparanglah dengan orang Singapura."</ref><ref>Leyden, John (1821). ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83132/page/n3/mode/2up?q= Malay Annals: Translated from the Malay language]''. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83132/page/n101/mode/2up?q= p. 86]: "The bitara immediately fitted out 300 junks together with the vessels calúlús, pelang, and jongkong in numbers beyond calculation, and embarked on board of them two Cati of Javans (200,000). Then having set sail, they arrived at Singhapura, and immediately engaged in battle."</ref> The last king, [[Parameswara (king)|Parameswara]], fled to the west coast of the Malay Peninsula to establish the [[Melaka Sultanate]] in 1400.

==== Regreg War ====
{{main|Regreg War}}
A war of succession, called the [[Regreg War]], is thought to have occurred from 1405 to 1406.<ref name="ricklefs" />{{rp|page=18}} The war was fought as a contest of succession between the [[Trowulan|western court]] led by [[Wikramawardhana]] and the [[Blambangan|eastern court]] led by [[Bhre Wirabhumi]]. Wikramawardhana was victorious. Wirabhumi was caught and decapitated. However the civil war drained financial resources, exhausted the kingdom, and weakened Majapahit's grip on its outer vassals and colonies.<ref name="Victor">{{cite book | title = From Majapahit and Sukuh to Megawati Sukarnoputri | author = Victor M. Fic | publisher = Abhinav | date = 2014 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GkMMrDxZYXYC&pg=PA104| page = 104 | isbn = 9788170174042 | access-date =8 April 2022}}</ref>

====Wikramawardhana and Ming expedition====
{{further|Treasure voyages|Battle of Palembang (1407)}}
[[File:Zheng He.png|thumb|upright=1.36|The route of the voyages of Zheng He's fleet, including Majapahit ports]]
During the reign of Wikramawardhana, a series of [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] armada [[Treasure voyages|naval expeditions]] led by [[Zheng He]],<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|241–242}} a [[Muslim]] Chinese admiral, arrived in Java several times spanning the period from 1405 to 1433. These Chinese voyages visited numbers of ports in Asia as far as Africa, including Majapahit ports. It was said that Zheng He has paid a visit to the Majapahit court in Java.

These massive Chinese voyages were not merely a naval exploration, but also a [[Power projection|show of power]] and a display of geopolitical reach. The Chinese Ming dynasty had recently overthrown the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, and was eager to establish their hegemony in the world, which changed the geopolitical balance in Asia.<ref name="TOI-Sanyal">{{cite news | title = History of Indian Ocean shows how old rivalries can trigger rise of new forces | work = Times of India | date = 6 August 2016 | author = Sanjeev Sanyal | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/History-of-Indian-Ocean-shows-how-old-rivalries-can-trigger-rise-of-new-forces/articleshow/53577849.cms}}</ref> The Chinese intervened in the politics of the southern seas by supporting Thais against the declining Khmer Empire, supporting and installing allied factions in India, [[Sri Lanka]] and other places in [[Indian Ocean]] coasts. However, perhaps the most significant Chinese intervention was its support for the newly established [[Sultanate of Malacca]] as a rival and counter-weight to the Majapahit influence of Java.<ref name="TOI-Sanyal" />

Previously, Majapahit had succeeded in asserting its influence in Malacca strait by containing the aspiration of Malay polities in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula to ever reach the geopolitical might like those of Srivijaya. The Hindu Majapahit was the most powerful maritime power in Southeast Asian seas that time and were opposed to Chinese expansion into their sphere of influence. The Ming's support for Malacca and the spread of Islam propagated by both Malacca and Zheng He's treasure fleet has weakened Majapahit maritime influence in Sumatra, which caused the northern part of the island to increasingly converting to Islam and gained independence from Majapahit, leaving [[Indragiri River|Indragiri]], [[Jambi]] and [[Palembang]], remnants of the old [[Srivijaya]], the only suzerainty under Majapahit in Sumatra,{{efn | group=note | According to the History of Ming, only these areas in Sumatra were still mentioned as under Javanese / Majapahit supremacy at the time. Read<ref name="notes on the malay archipelago" />}} bordering [[Pagaruyung Kingdom]] on the west and independent Muslim kingdoms on the north.

This Ming dynasty voyages are extremely important for Majapahit historiography, since Zheng He's translator [[Ma Huan]] wrote ''[[Yingya Shenglan]]'', a detailed description of Majapahit,<ref name="yingyai" /> which provides valuable insight on the culture, customs, and also various social and economic aspects of Java during Majapahit period.<ref name="Chao-Wa" />

The Chinese provided systematic support to Malacca, and its sultan made at least one trip to personally pay obeisance to the Ming emperor. Malacca actively encouraged the conversion to [[Islam]] in the region, while the Ming fleet actively established Chinese-Malay Muslim community in coastal northern Java, thus created a permanent opposition to the Hindus of Java. By 1430, the expeditions had established Muslim Chinese, Arab and Malay communities in northern ports of Java such as [[Semarang]], [[Demak, Indonesia|Demak]], [[Tuban]], and [[Surabaya|Ampel]]; thus Islam began to gain a foothold on the northern coast of Java. Malacca prospered under Chinese Ming protection, while the Majapahit were steadily pushed back.<ref name="TOI-Sanyal" />

====Queen Suhita====
[[File:Suhita.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The mortuary deified portrait statue of Queen [[Suhita]] (reign 1429–1447), discovered at Jebuk, Kalangbret, Tulungagung, East Java, [[National Museum of Indonesia]]]]
Wikramawardhana ruled until 1429 and was succeeded by his daughter [[Suhita]],<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|242}} who ruled from 1429 to 1447. She was the second child of Wikramawardhana by a concubine who was the daughter of Wirabhumi. She was married to future [[Kelantan]] king Iskandar Shah or Kemas Jiwa in 1427. Both of them had a daughter together and he stayed with her in Java. [[Kelantan]] was ruled by his brother, Sultan Sadik Muhammad Shah, until his death in 1429. This necessitated Kemas Jiwa to return and took the throne as Iskandar, where he declared Kelantan as Majapahit II in Mahligai.<ref name="Malaysiakini 2018">{{cite web | title=Jawa dan Melayu dalam sejarah | website=Malaysiakini | date=2018-08-02 | url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/436967 | language=id | access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=April 2024}} Although ''Pararaton'' listed her husband as Bhra Hyang Parameswara Ratnapangkaja, which suggests she remarried after Kemas Jiwa returned.{{Dubious|date=April 2024}}

The reign of Suhita was the second time Majapahit was reigned by a queen regnant after her great-grandmother Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi. Her reign is immortalized in Javanese legend of [[Damarwulan]], as it involves a maiden queen named Prabu Kenya in the story, and during Suhita's reign there was a war with [[Blambangan]] as stated in the legend.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Claire |author-link1=Claire Holt (art historian) |title=Art in Indonesia: Continuities and Change |date=1967 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-0188-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/artinindonesiaco00holt |language=en |page=276}}</ref>

In 1447, Suhita died and was succeeded by [[Kertawijaya]], her brother.<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|242}} He ruled until 1451. After Kertawijaya died, [[Bhre Pamotan]] became a king with formal name Rajasawardhana. He died in 1453. A three-year kingless period was possibly the result of a succession crisis. [[Girisawardhana]], son of Kertawijaya, came to power in 1456. He died in 1466 and was succeeded by Singhawikramawardhana.

====The divide====
In 1468 Prince Kertabhumi rebelled against Singhawikramawardhana, promoting himself as the king of Majapahit. Deposed Singhawikramawardhana retreated upstream of Brantas River, moved the kingdom's capital further inland to [[Kediri (city)|Daha]] (the former capital of [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri kingdom]]), effectively splitting Majapahit, under Bhre Kertabumi in Trowulan and Singhawikramawardhana in Daha. Singhawikramawardhana continued his rule until he was succeeded by his son [[Girindrawardhana]] (Ranawijaya) in 1474.

And in between this period of the dividing court of Majapahit, the kingdom found itself unable to control its western part of the already crumbling empire. The rising power of the [[Sultanate of Malacca]] began to gain effective control of the [[Strait of Malacca|Malacca Strait]] in the mid-15th century and expanding its influence to Sumatra. And amidst these events, Indragiri and Siantan, according to [[Malay Annals]] were given to Malacca as a dowry for the marriage of a Majapahit princess and the [[Mansur Shah of Malacca|sultan of Malacca]],<ref name="Leyden">Leyden, John (1821), [https://books.google.com/books?id=J9JAAAAAYAAJ ''Malay Annals (translated from the Malay language)''], Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown.</ref> further weakening Majapahit's influence on the western part of the archipelago. Kertabhumi managed to stabilize this situation by allying with Muslim merchants, giving them trading rights on the north coast of Java, with [[Demak Regency|Demak]] as its centre and in return asked for their loyalty to Majapahit. This policy boosted the Majapahit treasury and power but weakened Hindu-Buddhism as its main religion because [[Dawah|Islamic proselytizing]] spread faster, especially in Javanese coastal principalities. Hindu-Buddhist followers' grievances later paved the way for Ranawijaya to defeat Kertabumi.

Dates for the end of the Majapahit Empire range from 1478, traditionally described in ''sinengkalan'' or ''chandrasengkala'' ([[chronogram]]) ''Sirna ilang kertaning bhumi'' that is correspond to 1400 [[Saka era|Saka]], to 1527.{{efn | group=note | 1=The year 1400 saka is marked among Javanese today with ''[[chronogram|candrasengkala]]'' "''sirna ilang kertaning bumi''" (the wealth of earth disappeared and diminished) (''sirna'' = 0, ''ilang'' = 0, ''kerta'' = 4, ''bumi'' = 1).}}<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Ricklefs|first=Merle Calvin|year=2008|url=https://archive.org/details/m.-c.-ricklefs-a-history-of-modern-indonesia-since-c.-1200-red-globe-press-2008/page/4/mode/2up|title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200 Fourth Edition (E-Book version)|edition=4th|location=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230546851|pages=}}</ref>{{rp|36}} The year 1478 was the year of [[Sudarma Wisuta war]], when Ranawijaya's army under general Udara (who later became vice-regent) breached Trowulan defences and killed Kertabumi in his palace,<ref>Pararaton, p. 40, "...&nbsp;bhre Kertabhumi&nbsp;... bhre prabhu sang mokta ring kadaton i saka sunyanora-yuganing-wong, 1400".</ref><ref>See also: Hasan Djafar, Girindrawardhana, 1978, p. 50.</ref> but not the actual fall of Majapahit itself as a whole.

Demak sent reinforcements under [[Sunan Ngudung]], who later died in battle and was replaced by [[Sunan Kudus]], but they came too late to save Kertabumi although they managed to repel the Ranawijaya army. This event is mentioned in Trailokyapuri (Jiyu) and Petak inscription, where Ranawijaya claimed that he already defeated Kertabhumi and reunited Majapahit as one Kingdom.<ref name="SNI448">Poesponegoro & Notosusanto (1990), pp. 448–451.</ref> Ranawijaya ruled from 1474 to 1498 with the formal name Girindrawardhana, with Udara as his vice-regent. This event led to the war between the [[Sultanate of Demak]] and [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Daha]] since Demak rulers were descendants of Kertabhumi.{{Dubious|date=May 2024}}

During this period, [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]], being the dominant ruler of the Javanese coastal lands and Java as a whole, seized the region of Jambi and Palembang in Sumatra from Majapahit.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|154–155}}

====Demak invasion and the fall of Majapahit====
[[File:Masjid Agung Demak.jpg|thumb|left|[[Demak Sultanate|Demak]] was the earliest Islamic polity in Java that replaced Majapahit.]]
In 1498, there was a turning point when Girindrawardhana was deposed by his vice-regent, Udara. After this coup, the war between Demak and Majapahit receded, since [[Raden Patah]], Sultan of Demak, left Majapahit alone like his father had done before, some source said Udara agreed to become a vassal of Demak, even marrying Raden Patah's youngest daughter.

Meanwhile, in the west, [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|Malacca was captured by Portuguese in 1511]]. The delicate balance between Demak and Majapahit ended when Udara, seeing an opportunity to eliminate Demak, asked for [[Portuguese Malacca|Portuguese]] help in Malacca, forcing Demak to attack both Malacca and Majapahit under [[Demak Sultanate#Adipati Yunus|Adipati Yunus]] to end this alliance.{{efn | group=note | 1= V.<ref>M. B. Rahimsyah. ''Legenda dan Sejarah Lengkap Walisongo''. (Amanah, Surabaya, tth), p. 50</ref> Another paper noted that the reasons for the attacks Demak (led by Adipati Yunus) to Majapahit (Girindrawardhana period) are a backlash against Girindrawardhana who had defeated Adipati Yunus' grandfather Prabu Bhre Kertabumi (Prabu Brawijaya V).<ref>Marwati Djoenoed Poesponegoro dan Nugroho Notosusanto. Sejarah Nasional Indonesia. Jilid II. Cetakan V. (PN. Balai Pustaka, Jakarta, 1984), p. 451</ref>}}

With the fall of Majapahit, crushed by Demak in 1527,<ref name=":11" />{{rp|54–55}} the Muslim emerging forces finally defeated the remnants of the Majapahit kingdom in the early 16th century;<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi        = 10.1525/ae.1983.10.4.02a00030
| title      = Ritual and cultural reproduction in non-Islamic Java
| journal    = American Ethnologist
| volume     = 10
| issue      = 4
| year       = 1983
| last1      = Hefner | first1 = R. W.
| pages      = 665–683
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> and with the fall of Majapahit, a large number of courtiers, artisans, priests, and members of the royalty moved east to the island of [[Bali]]. The refugees fled to the east to avoid Demak retribution for their support for Ranawijaya against Kertabhumi.

Demak came under the leadership of Raden (later crowned as Sultan) Patah, who was acknowledged as the legitimate successor of Majapahit. According to Babad Tanah Jawi and Demak tradition, the source of Patah's legitimacy was because their first sultan, Raden Patah, was the son of Majapahit king Brawijaya V with a Chinese concubine. Another argument supports Demak as the successor of Majapahit; the rising Demak sultanate was easily accepted as the nominal regional ruler, as Demak was the former Majapahit vassal and located near the former Majapahit realm in eastern Java.

Demak established itself as the regional power and the first Islamic sultanate in Java. After the fall of Majapahit, the Hindu kingdoms in Java only remained in [[Pasuruan]], [[Panarukan]], and [[Blambangan]]<ref name=":18">Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened; Notosusanto, Nugroho (2019) [2008]. ''[https://archive.org/details/sejarah-nasional-indonesia-jilid-3-zaman-islam/mode/2up?q Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Edisi Pemutakhiran Jilid 3: Zaman Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Kerajaan Islam di Indonesia]''. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.</ref>{{Rp||page=7}} on the eastern edge and [[Sunda Kingdom|Sunda Kingdom Pajajaran]] in the western part. Gradually [[Hindu]] communities began to retreat to the mountain ranges in East Java and also to the neighbouring island of [[Bali]]. A small enclave of [[Tenggerese people|Hindu communities]] remain in the [[Tengger caldera|Tengger]] mountain range.