Editing Magic lantern (section)

===Mass slide production===
In 1821, Philip Carpenter's London company, which became [[Carpenter and Westley]] after his death, started manufacturing a sturdy but lightweight and transportable "Phantasmagoria lantern" with an Argand style lamp. It produced high quality projections and was suitable for classrooms. Carpenter also developed a "secret" copper plate printing/burning process to mass-produce glass lantern slides with printed outlines, which were then easily and quickly hand painted ready for sale.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.victorianmicroscopeslides.com/pdf/pcarpenter.pdf|title='The Perfectionist Projectionist': Philip Carpenter, 24 Regent Street, London|first=Stuart|last=Talbot|journal=Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society|issue=88|date=2006|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007153815/http://www.victorianmicroscopeslides.com/pdf/pcarpenter.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> These "copper-plate sliders" contained three or four very detailed 4" circular images mounted in thin hardwood frames. The first known set ''The Elements of Zoology'' became available in 1823, with over 200 images in 56 frames of zoological figures, classified according to the system of the Swedish scientist [[Carl Linnaeus]]. The same year many other slides appeared in the company's catalogue: "The Kings and Queens of England" (9 sliders taken from David Hume's History of England), "Astronomical Diagrams and Constellations" (9 sliders taken from Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel's textbooks), "Views and Buildings", Ancient and Modern Costume (62 sliders from various sources).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carpenter |first=Philip |authorlink=Carpenter and Westley |title=A Companion to the Magic Lantern: Part II |year=1823}}</ref> Fifteen sliders of the category "Humorous" provided some entertainment, but the focus on education was obvious and very successful.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Phillip |date=2017 |title=Philip Carpenter and the convergence of science and entertainment in the early-nineteenth century instrument trade |url=http://journal.sciencemuseum.ac.uk/browse/issue-07/philip-carpenter-and-the-convergence-of-science/ |journal=Science Museum Group Journal |language=en |volume=7 |issue=7 |doi=10.15180/170707 |s2cid=164263399 |issn=2054-5770|doi-access= }}</ref>

Through the mid-19th century, the market for magic lanterns was concentrated in Europe with production focused primarily on Italy, France, and England. In 1848, a New York optician began advertising imported slides and locally produced magic lanterns. By 1860, however, mass production began to make magic lanterns more widely available and affordable, with much of the production in the latter half of the 19th century concentrated in Germany.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Refersher on German Toy Lanterns|last=Koch|first=Joe|page=26|journal=The Magic Lantern Gazette|volume=21|issue=3|date=2009|issn=1059-1249|url=https://library.sdsu.edu/pdf/scua/ML_Gazette/MLGvol21no03.pdf}}</ref> These smaller lanterns had smaller glass sliders, which instead of wooden frames usually had colorful strips of paper glued around their edges with the images printed directly on the glass.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lantern Slides |url=http://www.magiclanternsociety.org/about-magic-lanterns/lantern-slides/ |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Magic Lantern Society}}</ref>