Editing Macedonia (ancient kingdom) (section)

===Magistrates, the commonwealth, local government, and allied states===
Antigonid Macedonian kings relied on various regional officials to conduct affairs of state.<ref name="king 2010 390">{{harvnb|King|2010|p=390}}.</ref> This included high-ranking municipal officials, such as the military ''[[strategos]]'' and the [[politarch]], i.e. the elected governor (''[[archon]]'') of a large city (''[[polis]]''), as well as the politico-religious office of the ''[[epistates]]''.<ref group="note">{{harvnb|King|2010|p=390}}. <br />Although these were highly influential members of local and regional government, Carol J. King asserts that they were not collectively powerful enough to formally challenge the authority of the Macedonian king or his right to rule.</ref> No evidence exists about the personal backgrounds of these officials, although they may have been chosen among the same group of aristocratic ''philoi'' and ''hetairoi'' who filled vacancies for army officers.<ref name="errington 1990 222">{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=222}}.</ref>

{{multiple image| align = left | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = Left, a silver [[tetradrachm]] issued by the city of [[Amphipolis]] in 364–363 BC (before its conquest by [[Philip II of Macedon]] in 357 BC), showing the head of [[Apollo]] on the [[obverse]] and [[Olympic flame|racing torch]] on the reverse. Right, a golden [[stater]] depicting Philip II, [[Mint (facility)|minted]] at Amphipolis in 340&nbsp;BC (or later during Alexander's reign), shortly after its conquest by Philip&nbsp;II and incorporation into the [[Koinon of Macedonians|Macedonian commonwealth]]| footer_align = left | image1 = Tetradrachm, 364-363 BC, Amphipolis.jpg | width1 = 280 | caption1  = | image2 = Anfipoli, statere di filippo II, 340 o 336-328 ac ca.JPG | width2 = 150| caption2  = }}
In [[ancient Athens]], the [[Athenian democracy]] was restored on three separate occasions following the initial conquest of the city by Antipater in 322{{nbsp}}BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Amemiya|2007|pp=11–12}}.</ref> When it fell repeatedly under Macedonian rule it was governed by a Macedonian-imposed [[oligarchy]] composed of the wealthiest members of the city-state.<ref group="note">{{harvnb|Amemiya|2007|pp=11–12}}: under [[Antipater]]'s oligarchy, the lower value in terms of property for acceptable members of the oligarchy was 2,000 ''[[Ancient drachma|drachma]]''. [[Athenian democracy]] was restored briefly after Antipater's death in 319&nbsp;BC, yet his son [[Cassander]] reconquered the city, which came under the regency of [[Demetrius of Phalerum]]. Demetrius lowered the property limit for oligarchic members to 1,000 ''drachma'', yet by 307&nbsp;BC he was exiled from the city and [[direct democracy]] was restored. [[Demetrius I of Macedon]] reconquered Athens in 295&nbsp;BC, yet democracy was once again restored in 287&nbsp;BC with the aid of [[Ptolemy I of Egypt]]. [[Antigonus II Gonatas]], son of Demetrius&nbsp;I, reconquered Athens in 260&nbsp;BC, followed by a succession of Macedonian kings ruling over Athens until the [[Roman Republic]] conquered both Macedonia and then [[mainland Greece]] by 146&nbsp;BC.</ref> Other city-states were handled quite differently and were allowed a greater degree of [[autonomy]].<ref name="errington 1990 231"/> After Philip{{nbsp}}II conquered Amphipolis in 357{{nbsp}}BC, the city was allowed to retain its [[democracy]], including its constitution, [[popular assembly]], [[city council]] (''[[Boule (ancient Greece)|boule]]''), and yearly [[election]]s for new officials, but a Macedonian garrison was housed within the city walls along with a Macedonian royal commissioner (''epistates'') to monitor the city's political affairs.<ref>{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=229–230}}.</ref> [[Philippi]], the city founded by Philip{{nbsp}}II, was the only other city in the Macedonian [[commonwealth]] that had a democratic government with popular assemblies, since the assembly (''[[Ecclesia (ancient Athens)|ecclesia]]'') of [[Thessaloniki]] seems to have had only a passive function in practice.<ref>{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=230}}.</ref> Some cities also maintained their own municipal [[revenue]]s.<ref name="errington 1990 231">{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=231}}.</ref> The Macedonian king and central government administered the revenues generated by [[Greek temple|temples]] and [[priesthood]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=231–232}}.</ref>

Within the [[Koinon of Macedonians|Macedonian commonwealth]], some evidence from the 3rd century{{nbsp}}BC indicates that foreign relations were handled by the central government. Although individual Macedonian cities nominally participated in [[Panhellenic]] events as independent entities, in reality, the granting of ''[[asylia]]'' (inviolability, [[diplomatic immunity]], and the [[right of asylum]] at [[sanctuaries]]) to certain cities was handled directly by the king.<ref>{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=365–366}}.</ref> Likewise, the city-states within contemporary Greek ''[[Koinon|koina]]'' (i.e., [[federation]]s of city-states, the ''[[sympoliteia]]'') obeyed the federal decrees [[vote]]d on collectively by the members of their league.<ref group="note">Unlike the sparse Macedonian examples, ample textual evidence of this exists for the [[Achaean League]], [[Acarnanian League]], and [[Achaean League]]; see {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=366–367}}.</ref> In city-states belonging to a league or commonwealth, the granting of ''[[proxenia]]'' (i.e. the hosting of foreign ambassadors) was usually a right shared by local and central authorities.<ref>{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=366–367}}.</ref> Abundant evidence exists for the granting of ''proxenia'' as being the sole [[prerogative]] of central authorities in the neighboring [[Epirote League]], and some evidence suggests the same arrangement in the Macedonian commonwealth.<ref>{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=367–369}}.</ref> City-states that were [[Alliance|allied]] with Macedonia issued their own decrees regarding ''proxenia''.<ref>{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=368–369}}.</ref> Foreign leagues also formed alliances with the Macedonian kings, such as when the [[Cretan League]] signed treaties with [[Demetrius II Aetolicus]] and [[Antigonus III Doson]] ensuring enlistment of Cretan mercenaries into the Macedonian army, and elected [[Philip V of Macedon]] as honorary protector (''[[prostates]]'') of the league.<ref name="errington 1990 242">{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=242}}.</ref>