Editing Lord (section)

== Religion ==
[[English language | English]]-speakers use the word "Lord" (generally with an initial upper-case letter) as a title of [[deference]] for various gods or deities. The earliest recorded use of "Lord" in the English language in a religious context<ref>
{{oed | lord}}
</ref>
occurred in the work of English writers such as [[Bede]] ({{circa | 673}} – 735). However, Bede wrote in Latin{{efn | Bede could refer to Jesus in Latin as {{lang | la | [[Dominus (title) | Dominus]]}}, for example in ''De temporibus'': "''Dominus nascitur''" (the Lord was born)<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
 |author               = Bede
 |author-link1         = Bede
 |editor-last1         = Giles
 |editor-first1        = John Allen
 |editor-link1         = John Allen Giles
 |year                 = 1843
 |chapter              = De temporibus: 22: De sexta Aetate
 |title                = The Complete Works of Venerable Bede, in the Original Latin: Accompanied by a New English Translation of the Historical Works and a Life of the Author
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=XCbrPwDEWC0C
 |language             = la
 |volume               = 6: Scientific tracts and appendix
 |publication-place    = London
 |publisher            = Whittaker and Company
 |page                 = 136
 |access-date          = 16 November 2024
 |quote                = [...] Dominus nascitur, completis ab Adam annis MMMDCCCCLII. [...] Dominus crucifigitur.
}} 
</ref>
The Latin word {{lang|la|{{linktext|dominus}}}}, originally associated with the master of a household, acquired conotations of "master", "owner" (of slaves, for example) and eventually of "lord" and "ruler".
}}
([[Michael Lapidge]] describes him as "without question the most accomplished Latinist produced in these islands in the Anglo-Saxon {{nowrap|period"<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Lapidge
 | first1 = Michael
 | author-link1 = Michael Lapidge
 | chapter = Poeticism in Pre-Conquest Anglo-Latin Prose
 | editor1-last = Reinhardt
 | editor1-first = Tobias
 | editor1-link = Tobias Reinhardt
 | editor2-last = Lapidge
 | editor2-first = Michael
 | editor2-link = Michael Lapidge
 | editor3-last = Adams
 | editor3-first = John Norman
 | title = Aspects of the Language of Latin Prose
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=N9o-jJJqOSIC
 | volume = 129
 | series = Proceedings of the British Academy
 |issn = 0068-1202
 | date = 24 November 2005
 | publisher = Oxford University Press/British Academy
 | publication-date = 2005
 | page = 323
 | isbn = 9780197263327
 | access-date = 15 April 2021
 | quote = A useful starting point is Bede, who was without question the most accomplished Latinist produced in these islands in the Anglo-Saxon period.
}}
</ref>).}} He used an Anglo-Saxon phrase{{which|date=April 2021}} that indicated a noble, prince, ruler or lord to refer to [[God in Christianity|God]]; however, he applied this as a gloss to the Latin text that he was producing, and not as a clear translation of the term itself. "Lord", as a gloss to Old English {{lang|ang|dryhten}},<ref>
{{oed | drightin}}
</ref>
meant "royal", "ruler", "prince", or "noble", and did not indicate a deity. After the 11th-century [[Norman Conquest|Norman invasion]] of England and the influx of Norman-French-speaking clerics, this semantic field began to appear in religious texts as well, but that occurred during the later Middle Ages and not in Bede's early medieval period. The word "Lord" appears frequently in the [[King James Bible]] of the early 17th century. See also the article [[Jesus is Lord]].
* English-language [[Old Testament]] translations such as the [[King James Version]] usually render the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] name [[Yahweh|''YHWH'']] (the [[Tetragrammaton]]) as "the {{LORD}}" with [[small caps]]. This usage follows the [[Jewish]] practice of substituting the spoken Hebrew word "[[Adonai]]" ("My Lords") for appearances of ''YHWH''.<ref>{{cite web |year= 1995 |title= Preface to the New American Standard Bible<!-- sic: don't shorten this --> |work= [[New American Standard Bible]] |edition=Updated |location= Anaheim, California |publisher= Foundation Publications (for the [[Lockman Foundation]]) |url= http://www.bible-researcher.com/nasb-preface.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061207004013/http://www.bible-researcher.com/nasb-preface.html |archive-date= 2006-12-07 |url-status= dead |quote=One of the titles for God is Lord, a translation of Adonai. There is yet another name which is particularly assigned to God as His special or proper name, that is, the four letters YHWH (Exodus 3:14 and Isaiah 42:8). This name has not been pronounced by the Jews because of reverence for the great sacredness of the divine name. Therefore, it has been consistently translated LORD. The only exception to this translation of YHWH is when it occurs in immediate proximity to the word Lord, that is, Adonai. In that case it is regularly translated GOD in order to avoid confusion. }}</ref>
* In [[Christianity]], [[New Testament]] translations into English often refer to [[Jesus]] as [[Jesus is Lord|"Lord" or "the Lord"]], translating Greek [[kyrios|κύριος]].
* In [[Aramaic]], the title [[Mar (title)|Mar]], which means "Lord", is used for saints, ecclesiastical figures, and Jesus.
* [[Ancient Semitic religion|Semitic religions]] gave other deities appellations corresponding to "Lord" including:
** [[Baʿal]] ("Lord"), as used by the [[Canaanites]] both as a generic term of address to various local deities and as the spoken name for the [[storm god]] [[Baʿal Haddu]] once the form "Hadad" became too sacred for any but his high priest to utter.
** Similarly, [[Tammuz (god)|Tammuz]] came to be addressed as "Adoni" ("My Lord").
* In the non-Semitic [[Sumer]]ian culture, [[EN (cuneiform)|''En'']] means "Lord", as in the names of Sumerian deities such as [[Enki]] and [[Enlil]].
* In [[Buddhism]], [[Gautama Buddha]] is often called "Lord Buddha".
* In [[Jainism]], "Lord" refers to the [[Mahavira]].
* In [[Ancient Greek religion|Ancient Greece]], the name ''[[Adonis]]'' was a form of the Semitic ''Adoni''.
* In [[Norse religion|Old Norse]], the names [[Freyr]] and [[Freya]] may have the etymological meaning "Lord" and "Lady" respectively.
* The [[Wicca]]n God is often referred to as "The Lord" and the Wiccan Goddess as "The Lady", or in the combination "Lord and Lady" (in this form, the definite article "[[the]]" is usually omitted), usually in reference to a mythological pairing such as [[Cernunos]] and [[Cerridwen]].
* Believers in [[Mormonism]] regard [[Jesus]] as the YHVH ([[Jehovah]]) of the [[Old Testament]] in his pre-mortal existence, and since that name is translated as "the Lord" in the [[King James Bible]], in Mormonism "the Lord" refers to Jesus. [[Elohim]], seen as a separate individual who is the father of Jesus, is generally referred to by Mormons as "God" or "Heavenly Father". (See [[Mormon cosmology]] for references.)
* In [[Hindu theology]], the ''[[Svayam Bhagavan]]'' may refer to the concept of the [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]] representation of the monotheistic God. Another name more commonly used in Hindu theology is ''[[Ishvara]]'', meaning "The Lord", the [[personal god]] consisting of the trinity of [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Shiva]]. In common parlance, 'Lord' is used before many [[Hindu deities|deities]], for example, Lord [[Shiva]], Lord [[Ganesha]], Lord [[Rama]] etc. as a translation of "[[Shri]]".
* [[Islam]]: The English term "Lord" often translates the Arabic term ''[[rabb]]'' ({{langx|ar|رب}}).