Editing List of French monarchs (section)

== Long 19th-century (1792–1870) ==
{{See also|France in the long nineteenth century}}

The period known as the "long nineteenth century" was a tumultuous time in French politics. The period is generally considered to have begun with the [[French Revolution]], which deposed and then executed [[Louis XVI]]. Royalists continued to recognize his son, the putative king [[Louis XVII]], as ruler of France. Louis was under arrest by the government of the Revolution and died in captivity having never ruled. The republican government went through several changes in form and constitution until France was declared an empire, following the ascension of the [[First Consul]] [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] as Emperor Napoleon I. Napoleon was overthrown twice following military defeats during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. 

After the Napoleonic period followed two different royal governments, the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], which was ruled successively by two younger brothers of Louis XVI, and the [[July Monarchy]], ruled by [[Louis Philippe I]], a distant cousin who claimed descent from [[Louis XIII]]. The [[French Revolution of 1848]] brought an end to the monarchy again, instituting a brief [[French Second Republic|Second Republic]] that lasted four years, before its President declared himself Emperor [[Napoleon III]], who was deposed and replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]], and ending monarchic rule in France for good.

=== House of Bonaparte, First French Empire (1804–1814) ===
{{main|House of Bonaparte|First French Empire}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="18%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Napoleon in Coronation Robes by François Gérard.jpg|110px]]
|'''[[Napoleon I]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Imperial Coat of Arms of France (1804-1815).svg|80px]]
|18 May 1804{{Efn-lr|Napoleon I was [[Coronation of Napoleon|crowned]] on 2 December 1804.}} – 2 April 1814{{Efn|The {{lang|fr|[[Sénat conservateur|Sénat]]}} proclaimed the deposition ''in absentia'' of Napoleon on 2 April, which was followed by the ''[[Corps législatif]]'' on 3 April. Napoleon wrote an act of abdication on 4 April renouncing the throne in favour of his son. However, this was not accepted by the Coalition, so he wrote an unconditional abdication on 6 April renouncing his rights and that of his family.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vial |first=Charles-Éloi |date=2014 |title=Les trois actes d'abdication de Napoléon Ier |url=http://www.cairn.info/revue-napoleonica-la-revue-2014-1-page-3.htm |journal=Napoleonica la Revue |language=fr |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.3917/napo.141.0003 |doi-access=free |access-date=9 December 2023 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702070435/https://www.cairn.info/revue-napoleonica-la-revue-2014-1-page-3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1804|5|18|1814|4|2}})</small>
|[[French Consulate|First Consul of the French Republic]] following the [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|coup d'etat]] of 19 November 1799; self-proclaimed [[Emperor of the French]]
|15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821<br /><small>(aged 51)</small>
----[[List of French client states|Conquered most of Europe]] in a series of [[Napoleonic Wars|successful wars]]; remembered as one of the greatest military commanders in history. Deposed ''in absentia'' and forced to abdicate, then exiled to the island of [[Elba]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=261|2a1=''EB''|2p=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I Napoleon I]}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD"|[[File:Portrait of Napoléon II attributed to Johann Peter Krafft.png|110px]]
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[Napoleon II]]<br/><small>(claimant)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |4 – 6 April 1814<br/><small>(2 days; disputed)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |Son of Napoleon I
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |20 March 1811 – 22 July 1832<br /><small>(aged 21)</small>
----Unrecognized by the Coalition and the Senate, only named emperor in Napoleon's will.
|}

=== House of Bourbon, First Restoration (1814–1815) ===
{{main|First Restoration}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="18%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Gérard - Louis XVIII of France in Coronation Robes.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis XVIII|'''Louis XVIII''' "the Desired"]]
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the Bourbon Restoration (1815-30).svg|80px]]
|3 May 1814{{Efn-lr|Louis XVIII decided not to have a coronation.}} – 20 March 1815<br/><small>(1st time; {{Age in years, months and days|1814|5|3|1815|3|20}})</small>
|Younger brother of [[Louis XVI]]; proclaimed king in June 1795. Had his dynasty restored to the throne with the help of other European royal houses, which had dethroned Napoleon
|17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824<br /><small>(aged 68)</small>
----Fled France on 21 June 1791, during the [[Flight to Varennes]], and again in March 1815, after the return of Napoleon{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=262|2a1=''EB''|2p=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XVIII Louis XVIII]}}
|}

=== House of Bonaparte, Hundred Days (1815) ===
{{main|Hundred Days}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="18%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Napoleon in Coronation Robes by François Gérard.jpg|110px]]
|'''[[Napoleon I]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Imperial Coat of Arms of France (1804-1815).svg|80px]]
|20 March – 22 June 1815<br/><small>(94 days)</small>
|Restored as [[Emperor of the French]] by the [[French Army]] following his escape from the island of [[Elba]]
|15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821<br /><small>(aged 51)</small>
----Abdicated in favour of his son following his defeat at the [[Battle of Waterloo]]. Exiled to the island of [[Saint Helena]], where he later died of a stomach illness{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=261|2a1=''EB''|2p=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I Napoleon I]}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[File:Portrait of Napoléon II attributed to Johann Peter Krafft.png|110px]]
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[Napoleon II]]<br/><small>(claimant)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |22 June – 7 July 1815<br/><small>(15 days; disputed)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |Son of Napoleon I
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |20 March 1811 – 22 July 1832<br /><small>(aged 21)</small>
----Unrecognized by the Coalition; remained his entire "reign" hidden in [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], with his mother [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma|Marie Louise]]. Died of tuberculosis several years later{{Sfnm|1a1=''EB''|1loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-Francois-Charles-Joseph-Bonaparte-Herzog-von-Reichstadt Napoléon-François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte]}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=France: Commission of Government: 1815 - Archontology |url=https://www.archontology.org/nations/france/france_state1/01_commission_govt_1815.php |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.archontology.org |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209215313/https://www.archontology.org/nations/france/france_state1/01_commission_govt_1815.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== House of Bourbon, Second Restoration (1815–1830) ===
{{main|Bourbon Restoration in France}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="25%" |Reign
! width="17%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Gérard - Louis XVIII of France in Coronation Robes.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis XVIII|'''Louis XVIII''' "the Desired"]]
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Coat of Arms of the Bourbon Restoration (1815-30).svg|78px]]
|8 July 1815 – 16 September 1824<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1815|7|8|1824|9|16}})</small>
|Younger brother of [[Louis XVI]]; restored to the throne. 
|17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824<br /><small>(aged 68)</small>
----Attempted to rule under a [[constitutional monarchy]]. Last French monarch to die while still reigning{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=262|2a1=''EB''|2p=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XVIII Louis XVIII]}}
|-
|[[File:Carlos X de Francia (François Gérard).jpg|110px]]
|'''[[Charles X of France|Charles X]]'''
|16 September 1824{{Efn-lr|Charles X was crowned on 29 May 1825, an unsuccessful attempt to revive the old monarchical traditions.}}– 2 August 1830<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1824|9|16|1830|8|2}})</small>
|Younger brother of Louis XVI and Louis XVIII
|9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836<br /><small>(aged 79)</small>
----Leader of the [[Ultra-royalist]]s; attempted to return to the [[Ancien régime|Ancien Régime]]. Abdicated in favour of his grandson Henry after the [[July Revolution]].{{Sfn|''EB''||loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-X Charles X]}}
|-
| bgcolor="#E6E6E6" |[[File:Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angouleme - Lawrence 1825.jpg|161x161px]]
| bgcolor="#E6E6E6" |[[Louis XIX]] (?)<br/><small>(claimant)</small>
| bgcolor="#E6E6E6" |2 August 1830<br/><small>(20 minutes; disputed)</small>
| bgcolor="#E6E6E6" |Son of Charles X
| bgcolor="#E6E6E6" |6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844<br /><small>(aged 68)</small>
----Allegedly king for 20 minutes;{{efn|Although claimed as the shortest reigning monarch by the ''[[Guinness World Records]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shortest reign of a monarch |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/shortest-reign-of-a-monarch/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528204938/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/shortest-reign-of-a-monarch |url-status=live }}</ref> this claim appears to be unsustained.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pinoteau |first=Hervé |author-link=Hervé Pinoteau |year=1982 |title=Notes de vexillologie royale française |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtZ_XZOxAnMC&pg=PA362 |journal=Hidalguía |language= |location=Madrid |pages=361–362 |number=172–173 |access-date=9 December 2023 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919021926/https://books.google.com/books?id=JtZ_XZOxAnMC&pg=PA362 |url-status=live }}</ref> The exact circumstances of his "abdication" are unknown, as it was announced in a document firmed by both Charles X and Louis, who is only called ''Dauphin''. He is said to have been "king" between his father's signature and his own, as he (allegedly) initially refused to sign the document.}} later [[legitimist]] pretender to the throne.{{Sfnm|1a1=Castelot|1y=1988|1p=454|2a1=Blanc|2y=1848|2p=214}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[File:Portrait, The Duke of Bordeaux, Dubois-Drahonet.jpg|156x156px]]
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[Henry V of France|Henry V]]<br/><small>(claimant)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |2–9 August 1830<br/><small>(7 days; disputed)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |Grandson of Charles X
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |29 September 1820 – 24 August 1883<br /><small>(aged 62)</small>
----Later [[legitimist]] pretender to the throne. Died in exile several years later{{Sfn|''EB''|loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-Dieudonne-dArtois-comte-de-Chambord-duc-de-Bordeaux Henri Dieudonné]}}
|}

=== House of Bourbon-Orléans, July Monarchy (1830–1848) ===
{{main|House of Bourbon-Orléans|July Monarchy}}

The Bourbon Restoration came to an end with the [[July Revolution]] of 1830 which deposed [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] and replaced him with [[Louis Philippe I]], a distant cousin with more liberal politics. Charles X's son Louis signed a document renouncing his own right to the throne only after a 20-minute argument with his father. Because he was never crowned he is disputed as a genuine king of France. Louis's nephew Henry was likewise considered by some to be Henry V, but the new regime did not recognise his claim and he never ruled. 

Charles X named Louis Philippe as ''Lieutenant général du royaume'', a regent to the young Henry V, and charged him to announce his desire to have his grandson succeed him to the [[Chamber of Deputies (France)|Chamber of Deputies]], the lower house of the [[French Parliament]] at the time, the French equivalent at the time of the UK House of Commons. Louis Philippe did not do this, in order to increase his own chances of succession. As a consequence, and because the French parliamentarians were aware of his liberal policies and of his popularity at the time with the French population, they proclaimed Louis Philippe as the new French king, displacing the senior branch of the House of Bourbon. 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="25%" |Reign
! width="17%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:1841 portrait painting of Louis Philippe I (King of the French) by Winterhalter.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis Philippe I|'''Louis Philippe I''' "the Citizen King"]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Coat of Arms of the July Monarchy (1830-31).svg|78px]]
|9 August 1830{{Efn-lr|Louis Philippe I decided not to have a coronation.}}– 24 February 1848<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1830|8|9|1848|2|24}})</small>
|Sixth-generation descendant of [[Louis XIII]] and distant cousin of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]; proclaimed king by the [[Chamber of Deputies (France)|Chamber of Deputies]] after the abdication of Charles X during the [[July Revolution]]
|6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850<br /><small>(aged 76)</small>
----Styled as [[King of the French]]. Formally deposed following the proclamation of the [[Second French Republic|Second Republic]]. Abdicated in favour of his grandson{{Sfnm|1a1=Brownell|1p=120|2a1=''EB''|2p=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Philippe Louis Philippe]}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[File:Louis-Philippe II when he was a child.jpg|110px]]
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[Louis Philippe II]]<br/><small>(claimant)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |24–26 February 1848<br/><small>(2 days; disputed)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |Grandson of Louis-Philippe
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |24 August 1838 – 8 September 1894<br /><small>(aged 56)</small>
---- Chosen by Louis Philippe I to be his successor, however the National Assembly refused to recognize him as king and proclaimed the [[Second French Republic|Second Republic]]. Later [[Orléanist]] pretender to the throne.{{Sfnm|1a1=Holoman|1y=2004|1p=184|2a1=''EB''|2loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Philippe Louis Philippe]}}
|}

=== House of Bonaparte, Second French Empire (1852–1870) ===
{{main|Second French Empire}}

The [[French Second Republic]] lasted from 1848 to 1852, when its president, [[Charles-Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], was declared [[Emperor of the French]] under the regnal name of [[Napoleon III]]. He would later be overthrown during the events of the [[Franco-Prussian War]], becoming the last monarch to rule France.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="25%" |Reign
! width="17%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, in Coronation Robes (by After Franz Xaver Winterhalter) - Palace of Versailles.jpg|110px]]
|'''[[Napoleon III]]'''
|[[File:Coat of Arms Second French Empire (1852–1870).svg|78px]]
|2 December 1852{{Efn-lr|A coronation ceremony for Napoleon III was planned, but [[:fr:Affaire du sacre de Napoléon III|never executed]].}}– 4 September 1870<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1852|12|2|1870|9|4}})</small>
|Nephew of Napoleon I; [[1848 French presidential election|elected]] as [[President of the French Republic]] in 1848, made himself [[Emperor of the French]] after a [[1851 French coup d'état|coup d'état]]
|20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873<br /><small>(aged 64)</small>
----[[Battle of Sedan|Captured]] by the German army on 2 September 1870; deposed ''in absentia'' following the proclamation of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]].{{Sfn|''EB''||loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-III-emperor-of-France Napoleon III]}}
|}