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=== House of Smilets (1292–1299) === {{Main|Smilets dynasty}} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#D4F2CE;" ! style="background:#D4F2CE; width:6%;" | Image ! style="background:#D4F2CE; width:18%" | Name ! style="background:#D4F2CE; width:14%;" | Reign ! style="background:#D4F2CE; width:62%;" | Succession and notes |- | |'''[[Smilets of Bulgaria|Smilets]]'''<br /><small>Смилец</small> |1292–1298<br /><small>(6 years)</small> |Member of a prominent Bulgarian noble family<ref name="Vasary-2005" /> though without known connections to previous Bulgarian royalty.<ref name="Mladjov-2015" /> Husband of [[Smiltsena Palaiologina]], a niece of the Byzantine emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]].<ref name="Mladjov-2015" /> Made emperor of Bulgaria (as a puppet ruler) by [[Nogai Khan]] of the [[Golden Horde]].<ref name="Hupchick-2002" /><ref name="Vasary-2005" /> |- | |'''[[Ivan II of Bulgaria|Ivan II]]'''{{efn|Sometimes referred to as '''Ivan IV Smilets''', numbered after Ivan Asen I–III (then considered Ivan I–III) and not counting [[Kaloyan of Bulgaria|Kaloyan]] as Ivan I nor counting [[Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria|Ivan Vladislav]]. The rulers named Ivan Asen however used that name as a double name and are more appropriately numbered as such; Ivan Vladislav also used a double name. The combination ''Ivan Smilets'' for this ruler is modern and does not occur in any contemporary sources.<ref name="Mladjov-2015" />}}<br /><small>Иван</small> |1298–1299<br /><small>(1 year)</small> |Son of Smilets.<ref name="Mladjov-2015" /> Underage at the time of his accession, Ivan II briefly succeeded his father before being deposed after [[Chaka of Bulgaria|Chaka]]'s invasion of Bulgaria.<ref name="Hupchick-2002" /> Later lived out his life in exile in the Byzantine Empire.<ref name="Georgieva-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Georgieva |first=Sashka |date=2017 |title=Bulgarian-Serbian Marital Diplomacy from the End of 13th to the Beginning of 14th Century |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=642630 |journal=Историјски часопис |language=English |issue=66 |pages=85–127 |doi=10.34298/IC1766085G |issn=0350-0802|doi-access=free }}</ref> Due to the small number of sources (two documents) some historians have disputed whether Ivan II actually reigned.<ref name="Georgieva-2017" /> |}
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