Editing Liquid-crystal display (section)

==Active-matrix technologies==
{{Main|Thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display|Active-matrix liquid-crystal display}}
{{See also|List of LCD matrices}}
[[File:Casio LCD screen for digital camera.jpg|thumb|A [[Casio]] 1.8&nbsp;in color [[TFT LCD]], used in the [[Sony]] [[Cyber-shot]] DSC-P93A [[digital camera|digital compact cameras]]]]
[[File:LCD structure.JPG|thumb|Structure of a color LCD with an edge-lit CCFL backlight]]

===Twisted nematic (TN)===
{{See also|Twisted nematic field effect}}

Twisted nematic displays contain liquid crystals that twist and untwist at varying degrees to allow light to pass through. When no voltage is applied to a TN liquid crystal cell, polarized light passes through the 90-degrees twisted LC layer. In proportion to the voltage applied, the liquid crystals untwist changing the polarization and blocking the light's path. By properly adjusting the level of the voltage almost any gray level or transmission can be achieved.

===In-plane switching (IPS)===

{{Main|IPS panel}}

[[IPS panel|In-plane switching (IPS)]] is an LCD technology that aligns the liquid crystals in a plane parallel to the glass substrates. In this method, the electrical field is applied through opposite electrodes on the same glass substrate, so that the liquid crystals can be reoriented (switched) essentially in the same plane, although fringe fields inhibit a homogeneous reorientation. This requires two transistors for each pixel instead of the single transistor needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT) display. IPS technology is used in everything from televisions, computer monitors, and even wearable devices; almost all LCD smartphone panels are IPS/FFS mode. IPS displays belong to the LCD panel family screen types. The other two types are VA and TN. Before [[LG]] Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2001 by Hitachi as 17" monitor in Market, the additional transistors resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight and consuming more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers. Panasonic Himeji G8.5 was using an enhanced version of IPS, also [[LG Display]] in Korea, then currently the world biggest LCD panel manufacture BOE in China is also IPS/FFS mode TV panel.

[[File:IPS LCD panel.jpg|thumb|A close-up of a corner of an IPS LCD panel]]

====Super In-plane switching (S-IPS)====
'''Super-IPS''' was introduced after [[IPS panel|in-plane switching]] with even better response times and color reproduction.<ref name="types">{{cite web|title=LCD Panel Technology Explained|url=http://www.pchardwarehelp.com/guides/lcd-panel-types.php|access-date=January 13, 2012|archive-date=January 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114031401/http://www.pchardwarehelp.com/guides/lcd-panel-types.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== M+ or RGBW controversy ===
In 2015 [[LG Display]] announced the implementation of a new technology called M+ which is the addition of white subpixel along with the regular RGB dots in their IPS panel technology.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A whole new world of colour with LG's RGBW technology|url=https://m.engineeringnews.co.za/article/a-whole-new-world-of-colour-with-lgs-rgbw-technology-2015-08-19/rep_id:4433|access-date=July 12, 2020|website=m.engineeringnews.co.za |archive-date=July 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724193729/https://m.engineeringnews.co.za/article/a-whole-new-world-of-colour-with-lgs-rgbw-technology-2015-08-19/rep_id:4433|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most of the new M+ technology was employed on 4K TV sets which led to a controversy after tests showed that the addition of a white sub pixel replacing the traditional RGB structure had also been accompanied by a reduction in resolution by around 25%. This meant that a "4K" M+ TV would not display the full [[Ultra-high-definition television|UHD TV standard.]] The media and internet users called them "RGBW" TVs because of the white sub pixel.  Although LG Display has developed this technology for use in notebook display, outdoor and smartphones, it became more popular in the TV market because of the announced "4K UHD" resolution but still being incapable of achieving true UHD resolution defined by the CTA as 3840x2160 active pixels with 8-bit color. This negatively impacted the rendering of text, making it a bit fuzzier, which was especially noticeable when a TV is used as a PC monitor.<ref>{{Cite news|title=What is the Resolution?|url=https://www.rtings.com/tv/learn/what-is-the-resolution|access-date=July 12, 2020|website=RTINGS.com |archive-date=April 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425003101/https://www.rtings.com/tv/learn/what-is-the-resolution|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=September 21, 2016|title=How LG uses fuzzy math to label some of its LCD TVs as 4K|url=https://www.techhive.com/article/3104880/how-lg-uses-fuzzy-math-to-label-some-of-its-lcd-tvs-as-4k.html|access-date=July 12, 2020|website=TechHive |archive-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124083349/https://www.techhive.com/article/3104880/how-lg-uses-fuzzy-math-to-label-some-of-its-lcd-tvs-as-4k.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2017|title=LG 4K LCD TVs Continue Controversial RGBW Tech|url=https://hdguru.com/lg-4k-lcd-tvs-continue-controversial-rgbw-tech/|access-date=July 12, 2020|website=HD Guru |archive-date=February 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228003400/https://hdguru.com/lg-4k-lcd-tvs-continue-controversial-rgbw-tech/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The difference between 4K and UHD, and the arrival of UHD Premium certification : Buying a 4K TV: What you need to know about HDCP 2.2, HDMI 2.0, HEVC & UHD|url=https://www.hardwarezone.com.sg/feature-4k-tv-buying-guide-singapore/difference-between-4k-and-uhd-and-arrival-uhd-premium-certification|access-date=July 12, 2020|website=HardwareZone.com.sg |archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124072813/https://www.hardwarezone.com.sg/feature-4k-tv-buying-guide-singapore/difference-between-4k-and-uhd-and-arrival-uhd-premium-certification|url-status=live}}</ref>

===IPS in comparison to AMOLED===
In 2011, LG claimed the smartphone LG Optimus Black (IPS LCD (LCD NOVA)) has the brightness up to 700 [[Nit (unit)|nits]], while the competitor has only IPS LCD with 518 nits and double an [[active-matrix OLED]] (AMOLED) display with 305 nits. LG also claimed the NOVA display to be 50 percent more efficient than regular LCDs and to consume only 50 percent of the power of AMOLED displays when producing white on screen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oled-display.net/lg-optimus-black-nova-display-vs-galaxy-s-super-amoled/ |title=LG Optimus Black Nova Display vs Galaxy S Super Amoled |access-date=September 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903173231/http://www.oled-display.net/lg-optimus-black-nova-display-vs-galaxy-s-super-amoled/ |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> When it comes to contrast ratio, AMOLED display still performs best due to its underlying technology, where the black levels are displayed as pitch black and not as dark gray. On August 24, 2011, Nokia announced the Nokia 701 and also made the claim of the world's brightest display at 1000 nits. The screen also had Nokia's ClearBlack layer, improving the contrast ratio and bringing it closer to that of the AMOLED screens.

[[File:Wiki dell lcd.jpg|thumb|This pixel layout is found in S-IPS LCDs. A [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron]] shape is used to widen the viewing cone (range of viewing directions with good contrast and low color shift).]]

===Advanced fringe field switching (AFFS)===
Known as fringe field switching (FFS) until 2003,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://vertexlcd.com/technology.htm#point04
|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518020420/http://vertexlcd.com/technology.htm#point04|url-status= dead
|title = AFFS & AFFS+|publisher= Vertex LCD Inc.|work= Technology|access-date=June 15, 2009|archive-date = May 18, 2016 }}</ref> advanced fringe field switching is similar to IPS or S-IPS offering superior performance and color gamut with high luminosity. AFFS was developed by Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd, Korea (formally Hyundai Electronics, LCD Task Force).<ref>
{{Cite journal | title = A Novel Outdoor Readability of Portable TFT-LCD with AFFS Technology| journal = SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers| date = June 2006| volume = 37| issue = 1| pages = 1079–1082| author1=K. H. Lee |author2=H. Y. Kim |author3=K. H. Park |author4=S. J. Jang |author5=I. C. Park |author6=J. Y. Lee |name-list-style=amp | doi=10.1889/1.2433159| s2cid = 129569963}}</ref> AFFS-applied notebook applications minimize color distortion while maintaining a wider viewing angle for a professional display. Color shift and deviation caused by light leakage is corrected by optimizing the white gamut which also enhances white/gray reproduction. In 2004, Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd licensed AFFS to Japan's Hitachi Displays. Hitachi is using AFFS to manufacture high-end panels. In 2006, HYDIS licensed AFFS to Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation. Shortly thereafter, Hydis introduced a high-transmittance evolution of the AFFS display, called HFFS (FFS+). Hydis introduced AFFS+ with improved outdoor readability in 2007. AFFS panels are mostly utilized in the cockpits of latest commercial aircraft displays. However, it is no longer produced as of February 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/article/8579/cut-and-run-taiwan-controlled-lcd-panel-maker-danger-shutdown-without-further |author=Jack H. Park |website=www.businesskorea.co.kr |title=Cut and Run: Taiwan-controlled LCD Panel Maker in Danger of Shutdown without Further Investment |date=January 15, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512040331/http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/article/8579/cut-and-run-taiwan-controlled-lcd-panel-maker-danger-shutdown-without-further |archive-date=May 12, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/02/13/2003611478 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |title=S Korea workers in Taipei rally over factory closures |date=February 13, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2015 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225183924/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/02/13/2003611478 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruggedpcreview.com/mt/archives/2015/04/_xplore_technol.html |website=www.ruggedpcreview.com |date=April 17, 2015 |title=Xplore Technologies acquires Motion -- How it came about |access-date=April 23, 2015 |archive-date=June 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607140647/http://www.ruggedpcreview.com/mt/archives/2015/04/_xplore_technol.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Vertical alignment (VA)===
Vertical-alignment displays are a form of LCDs in which the liquid crystals naturally align vertically to the glass substrates. When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystals remain perpendicular to the substrate, creating a black display between crossed polarizers. When voltage is applied, the liquid crystals shift to a tilted position, allowing light to pass through and create a gray-scale display depending on the amount of tilt generated by the electric field. It has a deeper-black background, a higher contrast ratio, a wider viewing angle, and better image quality at extreme temperatures than traditional twisted-nematic displays.<ref name="nxp">{{cite web|url=http://www.nxp.com/documents/user_manual/UM10764.pdf|date=October 21, 2011|title=UM10764 Vertical Alignment (VA) displays and NXP LCD drivers|author=NXP Semiconductors|access-date=September 4, 2014|archive-date=March 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314142012/http://www.nxp.com/documents/user_manual/UM10764.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Compared to IPS, the black levels are still deeper, allowing for a higher contrast ratio, but the viewing angle is narrower, with color and especially contrast shift being more apparent, and the cost of VA is lower than IPS (but higher than TN).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techspot.com/article/1788-display-tech-compared/|title=Display Tech Compared: TN vs. VA vs. IPS|last=above|first=VAhomeotropic alignment shown|website=TechSpot |access-date=February 3, 2020|archive-date=June 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618160413/https://www.techspot.com/article/1788-display-tech-compared/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Blue phase mode===
{{Main|Blue phase mode LCD}}

[[Blue phase mode LCD]]s have been shown as engineering samples early in 2008, but they are not in mass-production. The physics of blue phase mode LCDs suggest that very short switching times (≈1 ms) can be achieved, so time sequential color control can possibly be realized and expensive color filters would be obsolete.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=M D Asiqur |last2=Mohd Said |first2=Suhana |last3=Balamurugan |first3=S |date=2015-06-20 |title=Blue phase liquid crystal: strategies for phase stabilization and device development |journal=Science and Technology of Advanced Materials |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=033501 |doi=10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/033501 |issn=1468-6996 |pmc=5099819 |pmid=27877782|bibcode=2015STAdM..16c3501A }}</ref>