Editing Liliaceae (section)

== Cultivation ==
{{multiple image |header=Cultivation |  align = right | direction = vertical | width = 180 | image3 = 玉水ユリ園.jpg|caption3=Lily production, Japan
|image2= Bollenveld Hillegom.JPG| caption2= Tulip production, [[Hillegom]], the [[Netherlands]]
|image1=Spring 22.JPG|caption1=''Tulipa'' varieties are popular ornamental flowers in public and private spaces in the spring}}

=== Floriculture ===
Many species of Lilieae (in genera ''[[Tulipa]]'', ''[[Fritillaria]]'', ''[[Lilium]]'', and ''[[Erythronium]]'') and Calochortoideae (''[[Calochortus]]'' and  ''[[Tricyrtis]]'') are grown as [[ornamental plants]] worldwide. Within these genera a wide range of [[cultivars]] have been developed by [[Plant breeding|breeding]] and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridisation]]. They are generally used in outdoor [[garden]]s and other displays, although in common with many bulbous flowering plants they are often induced to bloom indoors, particularly during the [[winter]] months. They also form a significant part of the [[Floriculture|cut flower market]], in particular ''[[Tulipa]]'' and ''[[Lilium]]''.

==== Tulips ====
Tulips have been cultivated since at least the tenth century  in [[Persia]].<ref name=Christenhusz/> Tulip production has two main markets: [[cut flowers]] and [[Ornamental bulbous plant|bulbs]]. The latter are used, in turn, to meet the demand for bulbs for parks, gardens, and home use and, secondly, to provide the necessary bulbs for cut flower production. [[International trade]] in cut flowers has an approximate total value of 11 billion [[euros]], which provides an indication of the economic importance of this activity. The main producer of tulip bulbs is the [[Netherlands]], a country that accounts for 87% of the global cultivated area, with approximately 12,000 [[hectares]]. Other leading producers include [[Japan]], [[France]] and [[Poland]]. Approximately ten other countries produce commercial tulips, largely for the [[domestic market]]. By contrast, the Netherlands is the leading international producer, to the extent of 4 billion bulbs per annum. Of these, 53% are used for the cut flower market and the remainder for the dry bulb market. Of the cut flowers, 57% are used for the domestic market in the Netherlands and the remainder exported.<ref name=Sunshine/><ref name=floridata/>

Original ''Tulipa'' species can be obtained for ornamental purposes, such as ''[[Tulipa tarda]]'' and ''[[Tulipa turkestanica]]''. These are referred to as [[Species Tulips|species, or botanical, tulips]], and tend to be smaller plants but better at [[naturalising]] than the cultivated forms. Breeding programs have produced a wide range of tulip types, enabling blooming through a much longer season by creating early, mid- and late spring varieties. Fourteen distinct types are available in addition to botanical tulips, including Lily-flowered, Fringed, Viridiflora, and Rembrandt. In addition to blooming season, tulip varieties differ in shape and height, and exhibit a wide range of colours, both pure and in combination.<ref name=Wilford/>

==== Lilies ====
The largest area of production is also the Netherlands, with 76% of the global cultivated area, followed by [[France]], [[Chile]], [[Japan]], the [[United States]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Australia]]. Approximately ten countries produce lilies commercially altogether. About half of the commercial production is for cut flowers. Many of these countries export bulbs as well as supplying the domestic market. The Netherlands produces about 2,200 million lily bulbs annually, of which 96% is used domestically and the remainder exported, principally within the [[European Union]]. One particularly important crop is the production of ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'', whose white flowers are associated with purity and Easter.<ref name=Sunshine/>

Although many ''Lilium'' species such as ''[[Lilium martagon]]'' and ''[[Lilium candidum]]'' can be obtained commercially, the majority of commercially available lilies represent the products of a very diverse hybridisation program, which has resulted in a separate horticultural classification, including such groupings as Asian, Oriental and Orienpet. In addition to a very wide variety of heights, lilies can be obtained in many colours and combinations of colours, and if properly selected can produce an extensive blooming season from early summer to autumn.<ref name="NALS"/> Because of the history of Liliaceae, many species such as [[Watsonia (plant)|Watsonia]] (bugle lily) that were previously classified in this family bear the name 'lily' but are neither part of the genus ''Lilium'', or the family Liliaceae.

==== Other ====
A variety of ''Fritillaria'' species are used as early spring ornamental flowers. These vary from the large ''[[Fritillaria imperialis]]'' (crown imperial) available in a number of colours such as yellow or orange, to much smaller species such as ''[[Fritillaria meleagris]]'' or ''[[Fritillaria uva-vulpis]]'' with their chequered patterns.<ref name=McGary/> ''[[Erythronium]]'' is less common but a popular cultivar is 'Pagoda' with its sulphur yellow flowers.<ref name="RHS Erythronium"/> ''[[Calochortus]]'' (mariposa lily) may be sold as a mixture or as cultivars.<ref name="PBS Calochortus"/>

=== Propagation ===
[[Image:Lilium lancifolium bulbils.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Bulbils]] in the leaf axils of ''[[Lilium lancifolium]]'']]
[[File:Liliaceae seeds.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Seeds of Liliaceae species]]
Methods of [[Plant propagation|propagation]] include both sexual and [[asexual reproduction]]. Commercial cultivars are usually sterile.

==== Sexual reproduction ====
Seeds can be used for propagation of the plant or to create [[hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] and can take five to eight years to produce flowering plants. Since [[interspecific]] [[cross-pollination]] occurs, overlapping wild populations can create natural hybrids.<ref name=Halinar/>

==== Asexual reproduction ====
* Bulb [[Offset (botany)|offsets]]: Daughter bulbs that form on the mother bulb and can be detached.
* [[Micropropagation]] techniques including [[Plant tissue culture|tissue culture]].<ref name=Nhut/><ref name=Nishiuchi/>
* [[Bulbil]]s, which are [[adventitious]] bulbs formed on the parent plant's stem.
* Scaling and [[twin-scaling]], used to increase production in slower-growing varieties, in which multiple whole scales are detached from a single bulb.

Bulb [[Offset (botany)|offsets]] and [[tissue culture]] produce [[gene]]tic [[cloning|clones]] of the parent plant and thus maintaining genetic integrity of the [[cultivars]]. Bulb offsets usually require at least a year before flowering. Commercially, plants may be propagated [[in vitro]] and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell.<ref name=Lanzhou/><ref name=Heuser/>