Editing Latin America (section)

===Migration===
{{See also|Latin American diaspora}}
The entire hemisphere was settled by migrants from Asia, Europe, and Africa. Indigenous Amerindian populations settled throughout the hemisphere before the arrival of Europeans in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and the forced migration of slaves from Africa.

In the post-independence period, a number of Latin American countries sought to attract European immigrants as a source of labor as well as to deliberately change the proportions of racial and ethnic groups within their borders. Chile, Argentina, and Brazil actively recruited labor from Catholic southern Europe, where populations were poor and sought better economic opportunities. Many nineteenth-century immigrants went to the United States and Canada, but a significant number arrived in Latin America. Although Mexico tried to attract immigrants, it largely failed.<ref>Burden, David K. La Idea Salvadora: Immigration and Colonization Politics in Mexico, 1821–1857. University of California, Santa Barbara, 2005.</ref> As black slavery was abolished in Brazil in 1888, coffee growers recruited Japanese migrants to work in coffee plantations. There is a significant population of Japanese descent in Brazil. Cuba and Peru recruited Chinese labor in the late nineteenth century. Some Chinese immigrants who were excluded from immigrating to the U.S. settled in northern Mexico. When the U.S. acquired its southwest by conquest in the [[Mexican American War]], Latin American populations did not cross the border to the U.S., the border crossed them.

In the twentieth century there have been several types of migration. One is the movement of rural populations within a given country to cities in search of work, causing many Latin American cities to grow significantly. Another is international movement of populations, often fleeing repression or war. Other international migration is for economic reasons, often unregulated or undocumented. Mexicans immigrated to the U.S. during the violence of the [[Mexican Revolution]] (1910–1920)<ref>Gutmann, Myron P., et al. "The demographic impact of the Mexican Revolution in the United States." Austin: Population Research Center, University of Texas (2000)</ref> and the religious [[Cristero War]] (1926–29);<ref>Young, Julia G. "Cristero Diaspora: Mexican Immigrants, The US Catholic Church, and Mexico's [[Cristero War]], 1926–29." The Catholic Historical Review (2012): 271–300.</ref> during World War II, Mexican men worked in the U.S. in the [[bracero program]]. Economic migration from Mexico followed the crash of the Mexican economy in the 1980s.<ref>Durand, Jorge, and Douglas S. Massey. "Mexican migration to the United States: A critical review." Latin American Research Review 27.2 (1992): 3–42.</ref>
Spanish refugees fled to Mexico following the fascist victory in the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–38), with some 50,000 exiles finding refuge at the invitation of President [[Lázaro Cárdenas]].<ref>Sánchez-Albornoz, Nicolás. "The Spanish Exiles in Mexico and Beyond." Exile and the politics of exclusion in the Americas (2012)</ref> Following World War II a larger wave of refugees to Latin America, many of them Jews, settled in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, and Venezuela. Some were only transiting through the region, but others stayed and created communities.<ref>Adams, Jacqueline.  Introduction: Jewish Refugees' Lives in Latin America after Persecution and Impoverishment in Europe. Comparative Cultural Studies: European and Latin American Perspectives 11: 5–17, 2021</ref> A number of Nazis escaped to Latin America, living under assumed names, in an attempt to avoid attention and prosecution.

In the aftermath of the Cuban Revolution, middle class and elite Cubans moved to the U.S., particularly to Florida. Some fled Chile for the U.S. and Europe after the 1973 military coup.<ref>Wright, Thomas C., and Rody Oñate Zúniga. "Chilean political exile." ''[[Latin American Perspectives]]'' 34.4 (2007): 31–49.</ref> Colombians migrated to Spain and the United Kingdom during the region's political turmoil, compounded by the rise of [[drug trafficking|narcotrafficking]] and [[guerrilla warfare]].<ref>Bermudez, Anastasia. "The "diaspora politics" of Colombian migrants in the UK and Spain." International Migration 49.3 (2011): 125–143.</ref> During the Central American wars of the 1970s to the 1990s, many Salvadorans, Guatemalans, and Hondurans migrated to the U.S. to escape narcotrafficking, gangs, and poverty. As living conditions deteriorated in Venezuela under [[Hugo Chávez]] and [[Nicolás Maduro]], many left for neighboring Colombia and Ecuador. In the 1990s, economic stress in Ecuador during the [[La Década Perdida]] triggered considerable migration to Spain and to the U.S.<ref>Bertoli, Simone, Jesús Fernández-Huertas Moraga, and Francesc Ortega. "Immigration policies and the Ecuadorian exodus." The World Bank Economic Review 25.1 (2011): 57–76.</ref>

Some Latin American countries seek to strengthen links between migrants and their states of origin, while promoting their integration in the receiving state. These emigrant policies focus on the rights, obligations and opportunities for participation of emigrated citizens who already live outside the borders of the country of origin. Research on Latin America shows that the extension of policies towards migrants is linked to a focus on civil rights and state benefits that can positively influence integration in recipient countries. In addition, the tolerance of dual citizenship has spread more in Latin America than in any other region of the world.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pedroza, L.|author2=Palop, P.|author3=Hoffmann, B.|year=2018|title=Emigrant Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean: FLASCO-Chile.|url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/sites/default/files/md_pdf/emigrant-policies-LatinAmerica-and-theCaribbean.pdf|access-date=May 9, 2019|archive-date=May 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509092619/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/sites/default/files/md_pdf/emigrant-policies-LatinAmerica-and-theCaribbean.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>