Editing Jupiter (section)

==== Pre-telescopic research ====
[[File:Almagest-planets.svg|thumb|left|Model in the ''[[Almagest]]'' of the longitudinal motion of Jupiter (☉) relative to Earth (🜨)|upright=1.2]]
Observations of Jupiter are attested with the [[Babylonian astronomers]] during the 7th–8th centuries&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Babylonian Observational Astronomy |last=Sachs |first=A. |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]] |volume=276 |issue=1257 |date=May 2, 1974 |pages=43–50 (see p. 44) |jstor=74273 |doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0008 |bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...43S|s2cid=121539390 }}</ref> The ancient Chinese knew Jupiter as the '{{tlit|zh|sui}} star' ({{transliteration|zh|Suìxīng}} {{lang|zh|歲星}})<!--not year star--> and established their cycle of twelve [[earthly branches]] based on the approximate number of years it takes Jupiter to revolve around the Sun; the [[Chinese language]] still uses its name ({{lang|zh|歲}}; [[simplified characters|simplified]] as {{lang|zh|岁}}) when referring to years of age. By the 4th century&nbsp;BC, these observations had developed into the [[Chinese zodiac]],<ref name=Homer>{{cite journal |first=Homer H. |last=Dubs |author-link=Homer H. Dubs |title=The Beginnings of Chinese Astronomy |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=78 |number=4 |year=1958 |pages=295–300 |doi=10.2307/595793 |jstor=595793 }}</ref> and each year became associated with a [[Tai Sui]] star and [[Chinese gods|god]] controlling the region of the heavens opposite Jupiter's position in the night sky. These beliefs survive in some [[Taoist]] and [[Chinese folk religion|folk religious practices]] and in the East Asian zodiac's twelve animals. The Chinese historian [[Xi Zezong]] has claimed that [[Gan De]], an ancient [[Chinese astronomy|Chinese astronomer]],<ref>{{cite book | title=A Guide to Hubble Space Telescope Objects: Their Selection, Location, and Significance | first1=James L. | last1=Chen | first2=Adam | last2=Chen | date=2015 | page=195 | isbn=978-3-319-18872-0 | publisher=Springer International Publishing | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qj0wCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 | access-date=March 19, 2023 | archive-date=March 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164802/https://books.google.com/books?id=qj0wCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 | url-status=live }}</ref> reported a small star "in alliance" with the planet,<ref>{{cite book | chapter=Facts, Fallacies, Unusual Observations, and Other Miscellaneous Gleanings | title=Weird Astronomy: Tales of Unusual, Bizarre, and Other Hard to Explain Observations | first=David A. J. | last=Seargent | pages=221–282 | isbn=978-1-4419-6424-3 | series=Astronomers' Universe | date=September 24, 2010 }}</ref> which may indicate a sighting of one of [[Moons of Jupiter|Jupiter's moons]] with the unaided eye. If true, this would predate Galileo's discovery by nearly two millennia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Xi |first=Z. Z. |title=The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan-De 2000 Years Before Galileo |journal=Acta Astrophysica Sinica |year=1981 |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=87 |bibcode=1981AcApS...1...85X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Dong |date=2002 |title=China's Major Mysteries: Paranormal Phenomena and the Unexplained in the People's Republic |publisher=China Books |isbn=978-0-8351-2676-2}}</ref>

A 2016 paper reports that [[trapezoidal rule]] was used by [[Babylon]]ians before 50 BC for integrating the velocity of Jupiter along the [[ecliptic]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ossendrijver |first=Mathieu |date=January 29, 2016 |title=Ancient Babylonian astronomers calculated Jupiter's position from the area under a time-velocity graph |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.aad8085 |pmid=26823423 |volume=351 |issue=6272 |pages=482–484 |bibcode=2016Sci...351..482O |s2cid=206644971 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aad8085 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-date=August 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801135608/https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aad8085 |url-status=live }}</ref> In his 2nd century work the ''[[Almagest]]'', the Hellenistic astronomer [[Claudius Ptolemaeus]] constructed a [[geocentric]] planetary model based on [[deferent]]s and [[epicycle]]s to explain Jupiter's motion relative to Earth, giving its orbital period around Earth as 4332.38&nbsp;days, or 11.86&nbsp;years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pedersen |first=Olaf |title=A Survey of the Almagest|date=1974 |publisher=Odense University Press |isbn=9788774920878 |pages=423, 428}}</ref>