Editing Jihad (section)

====Abdullah Azzam====
{{Main|Abdullah Azzam}}
In the 1980s [[Abdullah Azzam]] advocated waging ''jihad'' against the "unbelievers".<ref name="Riedel">{{cite web|last1=Riedel|first1=Bruce|title=The 9/11 Attacks' Spiritual Father|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2011/09/11-riedel|date=11 September 2011|publisher=Brooking|access-date=6 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021192758/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2011/09/11-riedel|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Azzam issued a [[fatwa]] calling for ''jihad'' against the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet occupation of Afghanistan]], declaring it an obligation for all able-bodied Muslims to repel invaders. His fatwa was endorsed by others, including [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Blanchard|first=Christopher M|title=Saudi Arabia: Background and U. S. Relations|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=J0WWUQBl2PwC|page=27}}|date=November 2010|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4379-2838-9|page=27}}</ref> Azzam saw Afghanistan as the beginning of ''jihad'' to repel unbelievers from many countries—the [[Former Soviet Republics|southern Soviet Republics]] of Central Asia, [[Bosnia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Kashmir]], [[Somalia]], [[Eritrea]], Spain, and especially his home country of Palestine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wright |first=Lawrence |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=8dCnb4uR63EC}}|title=The Looming Tower |date=2006-08-08 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-26608-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=8dCnb4uR63EC|page=130}} 130]}} The Soviet defeat in Afghanistan is said to have "amplified the jihadist tendency from a fringe phenomenon to a major force in the Muslim world."<ref name=Commins>{{Cite book |last=Commins |first=David |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=cNuRDwAAQBAJ}}|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |date=2005-12-20 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85771-780-1 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|174}} Many fighters returned to their home countries to continue ''jihad'', participating in insurgencies and later creating a "transnational jihadist stream."<ref name=Commins/>{{rp|156–57}}

Azzam also argued for a broader interpretation of who it was permissible to kill, which may have influenced students such as bin Laden.<ref name=jt1/> He argued, based on his interpretation of the [[hadith]], that it is a sin to not wage offensive ''jihad'' against the [[Kafir|unbelievers]] in [[Divisions of the world in Islam#Dar al-harb|non-Muslim lands]], continuing until only those who submit to Islam remain; expelling unbelievers from [[Divisions of the world in Islam#Dar al-Islam|Muslim lands]], contrastingly, is defensive ''jihad''.<ref name="Azzam-DOTML">{{cite book | last=Azzam | first=Abdullah |author-link=Abdullah Azzam| title=Defense of the Muslim Lands: The first Obligation After Iman | publisher=Islamic Books | url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EDoeN1r3PjQC}}| access-date=8 July 2024 }}</ref> In February 1998, bin Laden put a "Declaration of the World Islamic Front for ''Jihad'' against the Jews and the Crusaders" in the ''Al-Quds al-Arabi'' newspaper.<ref name=OBL-jihad>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |date=1998 |title=License to Kill: Usama Bin Ladin's Declaration of Jihad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20049126 |journal=Foreign Affairs |language=en |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=14–19 |doi=10.2307/20049126|jstor=20049126}}</ref> He later organised the [[September 11 attacks]] against the United States.