Editing Jerome (section)

== In art ==
{{anchor|Lion}}<!-- This Anchor tag serves to provide a permanent target for incoming section links. Please do not remove it, nor modify it, except to add another appropriate anchor. If you modify the section title, please anchor the old title. It is always best to anchor an old section header that has been changed so that links to it will not be broken. See [[Template:Anchor]] for details. This template is {{subst:Anchor comment}} -->Jerome is also often depicted with a lion, in reference to the popular [[hagiographical]] belief that Jerome once tamed a lion in the wilderness by healing its paw. The source for the story may actually have been the second century Roman tale of [[Androcles]], or confusion with the exploits of [[Gerasimus of the Jordan|Gerasimus]] (Jerome in later Latin is "Geronimus");<ref>Hope Werness, ''Continuum encyclopaedia of animal symbolism in art'', 2006</ref>{{efn|name=EugeneRice}} it is "a figment" found in the thirteenth-century ''[[Golden Legend]]'' by [[Jacobus de Voragine]].{{sfn|Williams|2006|p=1}} Hagiographies of Jerome talk of his having spent many years in the Syrian desert, and artists often depict him in a "wilderness", which for West European painters can take the form of a wood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-saints.info/patron-saints/saint-jerome.htm |title=Saint Jerome in Catholic Saint info |publisher=Catholic-saints.info |access-date=2 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429031454/http://www.catholic-saints.info/patron-saints/saint-jerome.htm |archive-date=29 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

From the late Middle Ages, depictions of Jerome in a wider setting became popular. He is either shown in his study, surrounded by books and the equipment of a scholar, or in a rocky desert, or in a setting that combines both aspects, with him studying a book under the shelter of a rock-face or cave mouth. His study is often shown as large and well-provided for, he is often clean-shaven and well-dressed, and a [[cardinal's hat]] may appear. These images derive from the tradition of the [[evangelist portrait]], though Jerome is often given the library and desk of a serious scholar. His attribute of the lion, often shown at a smaller scale, may be beside him in either setting. The subject of "Jerome Penitent" first appears in the later 15th century in Italy; he is usually in the desert, wearing ragged clothes, and often naked above the waist. His gaze is usually fixed on a [[crucifix]] and he may beat himself with his fist or a rock.<ref>Herzog, Sadja. “Gossart, Italy, and the National Gallery's Saint Jerome Penitent.” Report and Studies in the History of Art, vol. 3, 1969, pp. 67–70, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42618036 JSTOR], Retrieved 29 December 2020.</ref> In one of Georges de La Tour's 17th century French versions of St. Jerome his penitence is depicted alongside his red cardinal hat.<ref>Judovitz, Dalia. ''Georges de La Tour and the Enigma of the Visible'', New York, Fordham University Press, 2018. {{ISBN|0-82327-744-5}}; {{ISBN|9780823277445}}. p11, 19-22, 98, plate 3.</ref>

Jerome is often depicted in connection with the ''[[vanitas]]'' motif, the reflection on the meaninglessness of earthly life and the transient nature of all earthly goods and pursuits. In the 16th century [[:File:Workshop of Pieter Coecke van Aelst, the elder - Saint Jerome in His Study - Walters 37256.jpg|''Saint Jerome in his study'']] by [[Pieter Coecke van Aelst]] and workshop, the saint is depicted with a skull. Behind him on the wall is pinned an admonition, ''Cogita Mori'' ("Think upon death"). Further reminders of the ''vanitas'' motif of the passage of time and the imminence of death are the image of the [[Last Judgment]] visible in the saint's Bible, the candle and the hourglass.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[The Walters Art Museum]] |url=http://art.thewalters.org/detail/35964/saint-jerome-in-his-study/ |title=Saint Jerome in His Study |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918103639/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/35964/saint-jerome-in-his-study |archive-date=18 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Both [[Agostino Carracci]] and [[Domenichino]] portrayed [[The Last Communion of Saint Jerome (Domenichino)|Jerome's last communion]].

Jerome is also sometimes depicted with an [[owl]], the symbol of wisdom and scholarship.<ref name="NMSU">[http://artdepartment.nmsu.edu/faculty/zarursite/retablo/col-saints.html The Collection: Saint Jerome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022221000/http://artdepartment.nmsu.edu/faculty/zarursite/retablo/col-saints.html |date=22 October 2012 }}, gallery of the religious art collection of [[New Mexico State University]], with explanations. Retrieved 10 August 2007.</ref> [[Writing material]]s and the trumpet of [[final judgment]] are also part of his [[iconography]].<ref name="NMSU" />

A four and three quarters foot tall limestone statue of Jerome was installed above the entrance of O'Shaughnessy Library on the campus of [[University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)|the University of St. Thomas]]  (then College of St. Thomas) in St. Paul Minnesota in October 1950. The sculptor was [[Joseph Kiselewski]] and the stone carver was Egisto Bertozzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sculpture |url=https://www.kiselewskisculpture.com/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Joseph Kiselewski |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egisto Bertozzi – Stone Carver |url=https://saintjameslutheran.com/content.cfm?id=9078 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Saint James Lutheran Church |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Vatican Museums 2020 P31 Leonardo da Vinci Saint Jerome.jpg|''Saint Jerome in the Wilderness'', [[Leonardo da Vinci]], 1480–1490, Vatican Museums
File:St Jerome Penitent in the Wilderness - Rijksmuseum.jpg|''Jerome Penitent in the Wilderness''. Copper engraving, [[Albrecht Dürer]] 1494–1498
File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Der heilige Hieronymus (ca.1515, Mexico City).jpg|''Saint Jerome in the Wilderness'' by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]] {{c.|1515|lk=no}}
File:Saint Jerome in his Study.jpg|''Hieronymus in Gehäus''. Copper engraving, [[Albrecht Dürer]] 1514
File:St.Jerome MET.jpg|''Saint Jerome'' {{c.|1520|lk=no}} Netherlandish stained glass window at MET.
File:Bernardino Luini - The Penitent St Jerome - WGA13761.jpg|''The Penitent St Jerome'' by [[Bernardino Luini]], {{c.|1520|1525|lk=no}}.
File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Der heilige Hieronymus (ca.1525, Ferdinandeum).jpg|Saint Jerome by Lucas Cranach the Elder, {{c.|1525|lk=no}}
File:Workshop of Pieter Coecke van Aelst, the elder - Saint Jerome in His Study - Walters 37256.jpg|''Saint Jerome in his study'', {{c.|1530|lk=no}} by [[Pieter Coecke van Aelst]] and Workshop, [[Walters Art Museum]]
File:Saint Jerome in Meditation-Caravaggio (1606).jpg|''Saint Jerome penitent'' by [[Caravaggio]], {{c.|1606|lk=no}}.
File:El Greco - San Jerónimo - Google Art Project.jpg|''Saint Jerome'' by [[El Greco]], {{c.|1605|1610|lk=no}}.
File:Jacques Blanchard - Hl. Hieronymus.jpg|Painting of Saint Jerome by [[Jacques Blanchard]], 1632.
File:Gabriel Thaller; Sveti Jeronim i pavlini (18.st.).jpg|''Saint Jerome and the Paulines'' painted by Gabriel Thaller in the St. Jerome Church in [[Štrigova]], [[Međimurje County]], northern Croatia (18th century)
</gallery>