Editing Intrauterine growth restriction (section)

=== Postnatal complications ===

After correcting for several factors such as low gestational parental weight, it is estimated that only around 3% of pregnancies are affected by true IUGR. 20% of [[stillbirth|stillborn]] infants exhibit IUGR. Perinatal [[mortality rate]]s are 4-8 times higher for infants with IUGR, and [[morbidity]] is present in 50% of surviving infants.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Carlo L. Acerini|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1223311499|title=Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics|date=2013|others=Robert J. McClure, Robert C. Tasker|publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780191015885|oclc=1223311499}}</ref> Common causes of mortality in fetuses/infants with IUGR include: [[Placental insufficiency|severe placental insufficiency]] and chronic hypoxia, [[congenital malformations]], [[congenital infection]]s, [[placental abruption]], cord accidents, [[Umbilical cord prolapse|cord prolapse]], [[Placental infarction|placental infarcts]], and [[Postpartum depression|severe perinatal depression]].<ref name=":4" />

IUGR is more common in preterm infants than in full term (37–40 weeks gestation) infants, and its frequency decreases with increasing gestational age. Relative to premature infants who do not exhibit IUGR, premature infants with IUGR are more likely to have adverse neonatal outcomes, including [[Infant respiratory distress syndrome|respiratory distress syndrome]], [[intraventricular hemorrhage]], and [[necrotizing enterocolitis]]. This association with prematurity suggests utility of screening for IUGR as a potential risk factor for preterm labor.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gilbert|first1=William M.|last2=Danielsen|first2=Beate|date=2003|title=Pregnancy outcomes associated with intrauterine growth restriction|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002937803003387|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=188|issue=6|pages=1596–1601|doi=10.1067/mob.2003.384|pmid=12824998|issn=0002-9378}}</ref>

Feeding intolerance, [[hypothermia]], [[hypoglycemia]], and [[hyperglycemia]] are all common in infants in the postnatal period, indicating the need to closely manage these patients' temperature and nutrition.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hoe|first1=Francis M.|last2=Thornton|first2=Paul S.|last3=Wanner|first3=Laura A.|last4=Steinkrauss|first4=Linda|last5=Simmons|first5=Rebecca A.|last6=Stanley|first6=Charles A.|date=February 2006|title=Clinical features and insulin regulation in infants with a syndrome of prolonged neonatal hyperinsulinism|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022347605009832|journal=The Journal of Pediatrics|language=en|volume=148|issue=2|pages=207–212|doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.10.002|pmid=16492430}}</ref> Furthermore, rapid metabolic and physiologic changes in the first few days after birth can yield susceptibility to [[hypocalcemia]], [[polycythemia]], immunologic compromise, and [[renal dysfunction]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hyman|first1=Sharon J.|last2=Novoa|first2=Yeray|last3=Holzman|first3=Ian|date=October 2011|title=Perinatal Endocrinology: Common Endocrine Disorders in the Sick and Premature Newborn|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031395511000897|journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America|language=en|volume=58|issue=5|pages=1083–1098|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2011.07.003|pmid=21981950}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mukhopadhyay|first1=Dhriti|last2=Weaver|first2=Laura|last3=Tobin|first3=Richard|last4=Henderson|first4=Stephanie|last5=Beeram|first5=Madhava|last6=Newell-Rogers|first6=M. Karen|last7=Perger|first7=Lena|date=May 2014|title=Intrauterine growth restriction and prematurity influence regulatory T cell development in newborns|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.02.055|journal=Journal of Pediatric Surgery|volume=49|issue=5|pages=727–732|doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.02.055|pmid=24851757|issn=0022-3468}}</ref>