Editing Ice (section)

===Cooling===
[[File:Yakhchal_radiative_cooling.svg|thumb|right|A schematic showing how the ancient yakhchals used ice to provide radiative cooling]]

Ice has long been valued as a means of cooling. In 400 BC Iran, [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] engineers had already developed techniques for ice storage in the desert through the summer months. During the winter, ice was transported from harvesting pools and nearby mountains in large quantities to be stored in specially designed, naturally cooled ''refrigerators'', called [[yakhchal]] (meaning ''ice storage''). Yakhchals were large underground spaces (up to 5000&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>) that had thick walls (at least two meters at the base) made of a specific type of mortar called ''[[sarooj]]'' made from sand, clay, egg whites, lime, goat hair, and ash. The mortar was resistant to heat transfer, helping to keep the ice cool enough not to melt; it was also impenetrable by water. Yakhchals often included a [[qanat]] and a system of [[windcatcher]]s that could lower internal temperatures to frigid levels, even during the heat of the summer. One use for the ice was to create chilled treats for royalty.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hosseini |first1=Bahareh |last2=Namazian |first2=Ali |title=An Overview of Iranian Ice Repositories, an Example of Traditional Indigenous Architecture |journal=METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture |year=2012 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=223–234 |doi=10.4305/METU.JFA.2012.2.10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://eartharchitecture.org/?p=570 |title=Yakhchal: Ancient Refrigerators |date=9 September 2009 |work=Earth Architecture}}</ref>

====Harvesting====
{{Main|Ice cutting|Ice trade}}
There were thriving industries in 16th–17th century England whereby low-lying areas along the [[Thames Estuary]] were flooded during the winter, and ice harvested in carts and stored inter-seasonally in insulated wooden houses as a provision to an icehouse often located in large country houses, and widely used to keep fish fresh when caught in distant waters. This was allegedly copied by an Englishman who had seen the same activity in China. Ice was imported into England from Norway on a considerable scale as early as 1823.<ref name=cne>{{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Ice}}</ref>

In the United States, the first cargo of ice was sent from New York City to [[Charleston, South Carolina]], in 1799,<ref name=cne/> and by the first half of the 19th century, ice harvesting had become a big business. [[Frederic Tudor]], who became known as the "Ice King", worked on developing better insulation products for long distance shipments of ice, especially to the tropics; this became known as the ice trade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutton |first=Mercedes |title=The icy side to Hong Kong history |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=23 January 2020 |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20200122-the-icy-side-to-hong-kong-history |accessdate=23 January 2020 }}</ref>

[[File:Ice Harvesting on Lake St Clair Michigan circa 1905--photograph courtesy Detroit Publishing Company.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|Harvesting ice on [[Lake St. Clair]] in [[Michigan]], c. 1905]]

Between 1812 and 1822, under [[Lloyd Hesketh Bamford-Hesketh|Lloyd Hesketh Bamford Hesketh]]'s instruction, [[Gwrych Castle]] was built with 18 large towers, one of those towers is called the 'Ice Tower'. Its sole purpose was to store Ice.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/architecture/gwrych-castle-217018 | title=Gwrych Castle: The astonishing fantasy castle saved by the dreams and bravery of a 12-year-old boy | date=11 November 2020 }}</ref>

[[Trieste]] sent ice to [[Egypt]], [[Corfu]], and [[Zante]]; Switzerland, to France; and Germany sometimes was supplied from [[Bavaria]]n lakes.<ref name=cne/> From 1930s and up until 1994, the [[Hungarian Parliament]] building used ice harvested in the winter from [[Lake Balaton]] for air conditioning.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kay |first=Nathan |title=The secrets and symbols of Hungary's Parliament building |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=3 January 2019 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/secrets-of-the-hungarian-parliament-building/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317194908/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/secrets-of-the-hungarian-parliament-building/index.html |archive-date=17 March 2019 }}</ref>

[[Ice house (building)|Ice house]]s were used to store ice formed in the winter, to make ice available all year long, and an early type of [[refrigerator]] known as an [[icebox]] was cooled using a block of ice placed inside it. Many cities had a regular ice [[Delivery (commerce)|delivery]] service during the summer. The advent of artificial refrigeration technology made the delivery of ice obsolete.<ref name="Prewitt2023" />

Ice is still harvested for [[List of ice and snow sculpture events|ice and snow sculpture events]]. For example, a [[swing saw]] is used to get ice for the [[Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival]] each year from the frozen surface of the [[Songhua River]].<ref name="coldestcity">{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/travel/ice-is-money-in-chinas-coldest-city-20081113-62yj.html|title=Ice is money in China's coldest city|date=13 November 2008|agency=AFP|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=26 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002152548/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/ice-is-money-in-chinas-coldest-city-20081113-62yj.html|archive-date=2 October 2009}}</ref>

====Artificial production====
{{main|Icemaker}}
[[File:PSM V39 D031 Interior of an ice factory.jpg|thumb|Layout of a late 19th-century ice factory]]
The earliest known written process to artificially make ice is by the 13th-century writings of Arab historian [[Ibn Abu Usaybia]] in his book ''Kitab Uyun al-anba fi tabaqat-al-atibba'' concerning medicine in which Ibn Abu Usaybia attributes the process to an even older author, Ibn Bakhtawayhi, of whom nothing is known.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weir |first1=Caroline |last2=Weir |first2= Robin |title=Ice Creams, Sorbets & Gelati:The Definitive Guide |date=2010 |page=217}}</ref>

Ice is now produced on an industrial scale, for uses including food storage and processing, chemical manufacturing, concrete mixing and curing, and consumer or packaged ice.<ref name="ashrae">[[ASHRAE]]. "Ice Manufacture". ''2006 [[ASHRAE Handbook]]: Refrigeration.'' Inch-Pound Edition. {{nat|p. 34-1.}} {{ISBN|1-931862-86-9}}.</ref> Most commercial [[icemaker]]s produce three basic types of fragmentary ice: flake, tubular and plate, using a variety of techniques.<ref name="ashrae"/> Large batch ice makers can produce up to 75 tons of ice per day.<ref>Rydzewski, A.J. "Mechanical Refrigeration: Ice Making." ''[[Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers]].'' 11th ed. McGraw Hill: New York. pp. 19–24. {{ISBN|978-0-07-142867-5}}.</ref> In 2002, there were 426 commercial ice-making companies in the United States, with a combined value of shipments of $595,487,000.<ref>U.S. Census Bureau. [https://www.census.gov/prod/ec02/ec0231i312113.pdf "Ice manufacturing: 2002."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722052238/https://www.census.gov/prod/ec02/ec0231i312113.pdf |date=22 July 2017 }} ''2002 Economic Census''.</ref> Home refrigerators can also make ice with a built in [[icemaker]], which will typically make [[ice cube]]s or crushed ice. The first such device was presented in 1965 by [[Frigidaire]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wroclawski |first1=Daniel |title=How Does an Ice Maker Work? |url=https://reviewed.usatoday.com/refrigerators/features/how-does-an-ice-maker-work |publisher=[[USA Today]] |date=21 July 2015 |language=en |access-date=26 May 2024 }}</ref>