Editing Hyder Ali (section)

==First Anglo-Mysore War==
[[File:Kistnagherry Krishnagiri.jpg|thumb|left|[[Krishnagiri Fort]] was besieged in the first Anglo-Mysore war in 1768, and finally surrendered to the English, who held it briefly]]

After the [[Battle of Buxar]], the British, led by [[Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar|Hector Monro]], decided to support the Maratha Confederacy against the [[Shah Alam II]], the [[Nawab]]s and Mysore.

As the power struggle between Mysore and the [[Peshwa]] continued it soon began to involve the British and other European trading companies.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Being himself a former ally of the French, Hyder Ali expected the support of the British against the Marathas, but such support never materialized.

In 1766 Mysore began to become drawn into territorial and diplomatic disputes between the Nizam of Hyderabad and the [[East India Company]], which had by then become the dominant European power on the Eastern Indian coast. The Nizam, seeking to deflect the company from their attempts to gain control of the [[Northern Circars]], made overtures to Hyder Ali to launch an invasion of the [[Carnatic (region)|Carnatic]]. Company representatives also appealed to Hyder Ali, but he rebuffed to them.<ref>Duff, p. 652</ref> The Nizam then ostensibly struck a deal with the Company administration in the [[Madras Presidency]] for their support, but apparently did so with the expectation that when Hyder Ali was prepared for war, the deal with the British would be broken. This diplomatic manoeuvring resulted in the start of the [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] in August 1767 when a company outpost at Changama was attacked by a combined Mysore-Hyderabad army under Hyder Ali's command.<ref name=B49/><ref name="Wilks, p. 312">Wilks, p. 312</ref> Despite significantly outnumbering the [[Presidency armies|British force]] (British estimates place the allied army size at 70,000 to the British 7,000), the allies were repulsed with heavy losses. Hyder Ali moved on to capture [[Kaveripattinam]] after two days of siege, while the British commander at Changama, Colonel Joseph Smith, eventually retreated to [[Tiruvannamalai]] for supplies and reinforcements.<ref name=B49>Bowring, p. 49</ref><ref>Wilks, p. 311</ref> There Hyder Ali was [[Battle of Tiruvannamalai|decisively repulsed]] on 26 September 1767.<ref>Bowring, p. 50</ref> With the onset of the monsoon season, Hyder Ali opted to continue campaigning rather than adopting the usual practice of suspending operations because of the difficult conditions the weather created for armies.<ref>Wilks, p. 322</ref> After over-running a few lesser outposts, he [[Siege of Ambur|besieged Ambur]] in November 1767, forcing the British to resume campaigning.<ref>Wilks, p. 323</ref> The British garrison commander refused large bribes offered by Hyder Ali in exchange for surrender, and the arrival of a relief column in early December forced Hyder Ali to lift the siege.<ref>Wilks, p. 324</ref> He retreated northward, covering the movements of the Nizam's forces, but was disheartened when an entire corps of European cavalry deserted to the British.<ref>Wilks, p. 326</ref> The failures of this campaign, combined with successful British advances in the Northern Circars and secret negotiations between the British and the Nizam [[Ali Khan Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]], led to a split between Hyder Ali and the Nizam. The latter withdrew back to Hyderabad and eventually negotiated a new treaty with the British company in 1768. Hyder Ali, apparently seeking an end to the conflict, made peace overtures to the British, but was rebuffed.<ref>Wilks, pp. 328–329</ref>

In early 1768, the [[Bombay Presidency]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] organised an expedition to Mysore's Malabar coast territories. Hyder Ali's fleet, which the British reported as numbering about ten ships, deserted en masse, apparently because the captains were unhappy with the oustering of their British admirals and some even demanded the return of [[Arakkal kingdom|Ali Raja Kunhi Amsa II]], but Hyder Ali chose a cavalry commander Lutf Ali Beg as fleet commander.<ref>Sen, pp. 147–148</ref> Owing to a British bluff, Lutf Ali Beg also withdrew much of the Mangalore garrison to move on what he perceived to be the British target, [[Honnavar|Onore]]. The British consequently captured Mangalore with minimal opposition in February.<ref name=Wil331>Wilks, p. 331</ref> This activity, combined with the loss of the Nizam as an ally, prompted Hyder Ali to withdraw from the Carnatic, and move with speed to Malabar. Dispatching his son Tipu with an advance force, Hyder Ali followed, and eventually re-took Mangalore and the other ports held by the over-extended British forces.<ref name=Wil331/><ref name=Bow51/> He also levied additional taxes as punishment against local malabari Nair chieftains which were then stripped of rights and authority.<ref name=Bow51>Bowring, p. 51</ref>

[[File:Mir Nizam Ali Khan.jpg|thumb|[[Ali Khan Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]] opposed the [[East India Company]] in 1766,<ref>Regani, p. 130</ref> and initially allied himself with Hyder Ali during the [[First Anglo-Mysore War]], particularly during the [[Battle of Chengam]],<ref name=B49/><ref name="Wilks, p. 312"/> then [[Battle of Rakshasbhuvan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Nasik/005%20History/003%20MarathaPeriod.htm|title=HISTORY – MARATHA PERIOD|publisher=Nasik District Gazetteer|access-date=4 September 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100831113626/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Nasik/005%20History/003%20MarathaPeriod.htm| archive-date= 31 August 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> but later abandoned (in 1768) and later intervened in favor of Mysore during the [[Battle of Kharda]] in 1795.]]

After his reconquest, Hyder Ali learned that the Mangalorean Catholics had helped the British in their conquest of Mangalore, behaviour he considered treasonous.<ref>Silva, p. 90</ref> He summoned a Portuguese officer and several Christian priests from Mangalore to suggest an appropriate punishment to impose on the Mangalorean Catholics for their treachery. The Portuguese officer suggested the death penalty for those Catholics who helped the British as a typical punishment for the betrayal of one's sovereign in Catholic nations. But Hyder Ali exhibited a diplomatic stance and instead imprisoned those Christians who were condemned for treachery.<ref>de la Tour, p. 236</ref> He afterwards opened negotiations with the Portuguese, and reached an agreement with them that removed suspicion from the clergy and other Christians.<ref>Silva, pp. 103–104</ref> The Mangalorean Catholic community flourished during the rest of Hyder Ali's reign.<ref>Silva, p. 105</ref>

During Hyder Ali's absence from the Carnatic, the British recovered many places that Hyder Ali had taken and only weakly garrisoned, and advanced as far south as [[Dindigul]].<ref name=Bow52>Bowring, p. 52</ref> They also convinced the Marathas to enter the conflict, and a large force of theirs, under the command of Morari Rao, joined with Colonel Smith at [[Hoskote|Ooscota]] in early August 1768.<ref>Wilks, p. 340</ref> This army then began preparations to besiege Bangalore, but Hyder Ali returned to Bangalore from Malabar on 9 August, in time to harass the allies before the siege could begin.<ref>Wilks, pp. 341–342</ref> On 22 August, Hyder Ali and his Mysore forces attacked the Maratha camp during the [[Battle of Ooscota]], but was repulsed when faced with the large Maratha reinforcements.<ref>Wilks, p. 342</ref> Hyder Ali was then foiled in an attempt to prevent the arrival of a second British column at the allied camp; the strength of these combined forces convinced him to retreat from Bangalore toward [[Gurramkonda]], where he was reinforced by his brother in law.<ref name=Bow53>Bowring, p. 53</ref> He also attempted diplomatic measures to prevent a siege of Bangalore, offering to pay ten lakhs rupees and grant other land concessions in exchange for peace. The Company administration countered with a list of demands that included payments of tribute to the Nizam and several land concessions to the [[Company rule in India|East India Company]]. Hyder Ali specifically refused to deal with [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]], his nemesis in the Carnatic. The negotiations failed to reach common ground.<ref name=Bow53/>

On 3 October, Hyder Ali, while moving his army from Guuramkonda back toward Bangalore, surprised a small garrison of [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]]'s men at a rock fort call Mulwagal, near Ooscota. British reinforcements were sent, and Colonel Wood was able to recover the lower fort but not the upper. The next day he went out with a few companies of men to investigate movements that might have been cover for enemy reinforcements. This small force, numbering four companies, was surrounded by Hyder Ali's entire army in the [[Battle of Mulwagal]].<ref>Wilks, p. 346</ref> A stratagem by another officer, Colonel Brooks, prevented the loss of this detachment; Colonel Brooks and another two companies dragged two cannons to the top of a nearby rise, and Brooks called out "Smith! Smith!" while firing the cannons.<ref name=Wil347>Wilks, p. 347</ref> Both sides interpreted this to mean that Colonel Smith was arriving in force, and Hyder's troops began to retreat. This enabled Colonel Wood to join with Brooks and other reinforcements from Mulwagal before Hyder Ali realised his tactical error.<ref name=Wil347/> Hyder Ali renewed his attack, but was eventually repulsed with heavy losses: he was estimated to lose 1,000 men while the British lost about 200.<ref>Wilks, p. 348</ref> The severity of the conflict convinced Colonel Smith that he would be unable to effectively besiege Bangalore without first inflicting a major defeat on Hyder Ali in open battle.<ref>Bowring, p. 54</ref> Company officials blamed Smith for the failure to decisively defeat Hyder Ali, and recalled him to Madras. Hyder Ali took the opportunity to besiege [[Hosur]], and Colonel Wood marched in relief of the town. As Wood approached, Hyder Ali raised the siege, sneaked around Wood's column, and attacked his baggage train in [[Battle of Bagalur|a battle]] near [[Bagalur, Krishnagiri district|Bagalur]]. Hyder Ali successfully captured supplies and arms, and drove Wood in disgrace toward [[Venkatagiri]].<ref>Bowring, p. 55</ref> Wood was consequently recalled and replaced by Colonel Lang.<ref name=Bow56>Bowring, p. 56</ref>

Hyder Ali then raised additional forces in Mysore and went on the offensive. In November 1768 he split his army into two, and crossed the ghats into the Carnatic, regaining control of many minor posts held by the British. En route to [[Erode]] Hyder Ali overwhelmed one contingent of British, who were sent as prisoners to Seringapatam when it was established that one of its officers was serving in violation of a parole agreement. After rapidly establishing control over much of the southern Carnatic, his march approached Madras.<ref name=Bow56/> This prompted the British to send an envoy to discuss peace; because of Hyder Ali's insistence that the Nawab of the Carnatic be excluded from the negotiations, they went nowhere. Hyder Ali then surprised Company authorities by taking a picked force of 6,000 cavalry and a small number of infantry, and made in three days a forced march of {{convert|130|mi|km}} to the gates of Madras.<ref name=Bow57>Bowring, p. 57</ref>

This show of force compelled the company to negotiate further. Hyder Ali, who was seeking diplomatic leverage against the Marathas, wanted an alliance of mutual defence and offence.<ref name=D668>Duff, p. 668</ref> The Company refused to accede to an offensive military treaty; the treaty signed at Madras on 29 March 1769, restored the ''[[status quo ante bellum]]'', except for Mysore's acquisition of [[Karur district|Karur]], and also included language that each side would help the other defend its territory. In summarising Hyder Ali's conduct of the war, biographer Lewin Bowring notes that he "evinced high qualities as a tactician and the sagacity of a born diplomatist."<ref>Bowring, p. 58</ref>