Editing Hungary (section)

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Hungary|Government of Hungary|Taxation in Hungary}}{{Multiple image
| direction         = horizontal
| align             = right
| caption_align     = center
| total_width       = 340
| image1            = Sulyok Tamás hivatalos portréja (cropped).jpg
| image2            = Viktor Orban.2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption1          = [[Tamás Sulyok]],<br /><small>[[President of Hungary|President]] since 2024</small>
| caption2          = [[Viktor Orbán]],<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Hungary|Prime Minister]] since 2010</small>
| alt1              = 
| alt2              = 
}}
Hungary is a [[Unitary state|unitary]], [[parliamentary republic]]. The Hungarian political system operates under a framework reformed in 2012; this constitutional document is the [[Constitution of Hungary|Fundamental Law of Hungary]]. Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution (as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the state structure, and the [[rule of law]]) are valid in perpetuity. 199 Members of Parliament (''{{lang|hu|országgyűlési képviselő}}'') are elected to the highest organ of state authority, the [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ''{{lang|hu|Országgyűlés}}'' ([[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]]), every four years in a single-round [[first-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] election with an [[Electoral threshold|election threshold]] of 5%.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}[[File:Budapest Hungarian Parliament (31363963556).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Hungarian Parliament Building]] on the banks of the Danube in [[Budapest]]]]
The [[President of Hungary|President of the Republic]] (''{{lang|hu|köztársasági elnök}}'') serves as the [[head of state]] and is elected by the National Assembly every five years. The president is invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers: receiving foreign heads of state, formally nominating the prime minister at the recommendation of the National Assembly, and serving as [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Hungarian Ground Forces|armed forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Hungary - The Hungarian State - The President of the Republic |url=https://2015-2019.kormany.hu/en/doc/the-hungarian-state/the-president-of-the-republic |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=2015-2019.kormany.hu}}</ref> Importantly, the president is also invested with [[veto]] power and may send legislation to the 15-member [[Constitutional Court of Hungary|Constitutional Court]] for review. The third most significant governmental position in Hungary is the [[List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)|Speaker of the National Assembly]], who is elected by the National Assembly and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

The [[Prime Minister of Hungary|prime minister]] (''{{lang|hu|miniszterelnök}}'') is elected by the National Assembly, serving as the [[head of government]] and exercising [[Executive (government)|executive power]]. Traditionally, the prime minister is the leader of the largest party in parliament. The prime minister selects [[Government of Hungary|Cabinet]] ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them, although cabinet nominees must appear before consultative open hearings before one or more parliamentary committees, survive a vote in the National Assembly, and be formally approved by the president. The Cabinet reports to Parliament.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

=== Political parties ===
{{Main|Political parties in Hungary|Elections in Hungary|Electoral system of Hungary}}
{{Infobox legislature
 | name               = Current Structure of the National Assembly of Hungary
 | members            = 199
 | structure1         = National Assembly of Hungary (as of 18.03.2022).svg
 | structure1_res     = 250px
 | structure1_alt     = Current Structure of the National Assembly of Hungary
 | political_groups1  = '''[[Fourth Orbán Government|Government]] (135)'''
*{{Color box|{{party color|Fidesz}}|border=darkgray}} [[Fidesz]] (116)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|KDNP]] (19)
'''Supported by (1)''' 
*{{Color box|#0047AB|border=darkgray}} [[National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary|German minority]] ([[Imre Ritter|1]])
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Opposition]] (65)'''
* {{Color box|{{party color|United for Hungary}}|border=darkgray}} [[United for Hungary]] (57)
**{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Coalition (Hungary)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|DK]] (16)
**{{Color box|{{party color|Momentum Movement}}|border=darkgray}} [[Momentum Movement|Momentum]] (10)
**{{Color box|{{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]] (10)
**{{Color box|{{party color|Jobbik (2020)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Jobbik]] (8)
**{{Color box|{{party color|Dialogue for Hungary}}|border=darkgray}} [[Dialogue for Hungary|Dialogue]] (6)
**{{Color box|{{party color|LMP – Hungary's Green Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[LMP – Hungary's Green Party|LMP]] (5)
**{{Color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|Ind.]] (2)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Our Homeland Movement}}|border=darkgray}} [[Our Homeland Movement|MHM]] (6)
}}

Since the fall of communism, Hungary has a [[multi-party system]]. The [[2022 Hungarian parliamentary election|last Hungarian parliamentary election]] took place on 3 April 2022.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=18 January 2014|url=http://www.politics.hu/20140118/ader-sets-date-of-2014-election-for-april-6/|title=Áder sets date of 2014 election for April 6|date=18 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220541/http://www.politics.hu/20140118/ader-sets-date-of-2014-election-for-april-6/|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> The result was a victory for Fidesz–KDNP alliance, preserving its two-thirds majority with Orbán remaining prime minister.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hungary election: PM Viktor Orban heads for victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26908404|work=[[BBC News]]|date=6 April 2014}}</ref> It was the third election according to the new Constitution of Hungary which went into force on 1 January 2012. The [[Electoral system of Hungary|new electoral law]] also entered into force that day. The voters elected 199 MPs instead of previous 386 lawmakers.<ref>Az országgyűlési képviselők választásáról szóló 2011. évi CCIII. törvény. In.: Magyar Közlöny. 2011. évi, 165. sz., 41095–41099. p.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mno.hu/belfold/eletbe-lep-az-uj-valasztojogi-torveny-1040139|title=Életbe lép az új választójogi törvény|work=[[Magyar Nemzet]]|date=29 December 2011|access-date=2 January 2012|language=hu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513052826/http://mno.hu/belfold/eletbe-lep-az-uj-valasztojogi-torveny-1040139|archive-date=13 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 2014, voters of [[Demographics of Hungary|ethnic minorities in Hungary]] are able to vote on nationality lists. The minorities can obtain a preferential mandate if they reach the quarter of the ninety-third part of the list votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.valasztas.hu/web/national-election-office/parliamentary-elections-2018|title=2018 – Nemzeti Választási Iroda|work=National Election Office|access-date=2018-03-18|language=hu-HU}}</ref> Nationalities who did not get a mandate could send a nationality spokesman to the [[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]]. The current political landscape in Hungary is dominated by the conservative Fidesz, who have a near supermajority, and three medium-sized parties, the left-wing [[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|Democratic Coalition]] (DK), the far-right [[Our Homeland Movement]] and liberal [[Momentum Movement|Momentum]].

=== Law and judicial system ===
{{Main|Law of Hungary|Law enforcement in Hungary|Human rights in Hungary}}
[[File:Kossuth Square 12, facade, 2015-05-12 Budapest - panoramio (45).jpg|thumb|left|The original and future seat of the [[Curia of Hungary|Curia]], the [[Supreme court]] of Hungary]]

The judicial system of Hungary is a [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] system, divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction, and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Hungarian law is codified and based on [[Law of Germany|German law]] and, in a wider sense, civil law or [[Roman law]]. The court system for civil and criminal jurisdiction consists of local courts (''{{lang|hu|járásbíróság}}''), regional appellate courts (''{{lang|hu|ítélőtábla}}''), and the supreme court (''{{lang|hu|[[Curia of Hungary|Kúria]]}}''). Hungary's highest courts are located in Budapest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birosag.hu/en/curia-hungary|title=Curia of Hungary|publisher=National Office for the Judiciary|access-date=12 May 2014}}</ref>

Law enforcement in Hungary is split among the police and the National Tax and Customs Administration. The [[Rendőrség|Hungarian Police]] is the main and largest state law enforcement agency in Hungary. It carries nearly all general police duties such as criminal investigation, patrol activity, traffic policing, border control. It is led by the national police commissioner under the control of the [[Ministry of Interior (Hungary)|Minister of the Interior]]. The body is divided into county police departments which are also divided into regional and town police departments. The National Police has subordinate agencies with nationwide jurisdiction, such as the "Nemzeti Nyomozó Iroda" (National Bureau of Investigation), a civilian police force specialised in investigating serious crimes, and the [[gendarmerie]]-like, militarised "Készenléti rendőrség" (Stand-by Police) mainly dealing with riots and often reinforcing local police forces. Because of Hungary's accession to the [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen Treaty]], the police and border guards were merged into a single national corps, with the border guards (''{{lang|hu|Határőrség Magyarországon}}'') becoming police officers. This merger took place in January 2008. The Customs and Excise Authority remained subject to the [[Ministry of Finance (Hungary)|Ministry of Finance]] under the National Tax and Customs Administration.<ref>Interpol [https://web.archive.org/web/20040621161237/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Region/Europe/pjsystems/Hungary.asp#21 entry] Retrieved 15 May 2007.</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Hungary}}
[[File:Necasmeeting.jpg|thumb|Meeting of the leaders of the [[Visegrád Group]], Germany and France in 2013]]
[[File:BIMUN 2012 opening 1.jpg|thumb|[[United Nations]] conference in the assembly hall of the [[House of Magnates]] in the [[Hungarian Parliament Building]]]]

The [[foreign policy]] is based on four basic commitments: to [[atlanticism|Atlantic co-operation]], to [[European integration]], to [[international development]] and to [[international law]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Consulate General of Hungary Los Angeles|url=https://losangeles.mfa.gov.hu/eng/page/hungary-and-the-world|access-date=2022-06-03|website=losangeles.mfa.gov.hu|language=en}}</ref> Hungary has been a member of the [[United Nations]] since December 1955 and a member of the [[European Union]], [[NATO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[Visegrád Group]], the [[WTO]], the [[World Bank]], the [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank|AIIB]] and the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]. Hungary took on the presidency of the [[Council of the European Union]] for half a year in 2011 and the next will be in 2024. In 2015, Hungary was the fifth largest OECD non-DAC donor of [[development aid]] in the world, which represents [[List of development aid country donors|0.13% of its Gross National Income]].

Budapest is home to more than 100 embassies and representative bodies as an international political actor.<ref>{{cite web|year=2014|title=Embassies in Budapest|url=http://www.kulugyminiszterium.hu/dtwebe/Irodak.aspx|access-date=16 April 2020|work=Kulugyminiszterium.hu}}</ref> Hungary hosts the main and regional headquarters of many international organisations as well, including [[European Institute of Innovation and Technology]], [[European Police College]], [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]], [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], [[International Centre for Democratic Transition]], [[Institute of International Education]], [[International Labour Organization]], [[International Organization for Migration]], [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|International Red Cross]], Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe, [[Danube Commission (1948)|Danube Commission]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|title=International organizations in Hungary|url=http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum2005/Templates/alapsablon.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fkum%2Fen%2Fbal%2Fforeign_policy%2Fun_sc%2Finternational_organisations.htm&NRNODEGUID=%7B45550E06-66FE-4183-A899-EDF5BD040EB5%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest&printable=true|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313115736/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum2005/Templates/alapsablon.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fkum%2Fen%2Fbal%2Fforeign_policy%2Fun_sc%2Finternational_organisations.htm&NRNODEGUID=%7B45550E06-66FE-4183-A899-EDF5BD040EB5%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest&printable=true|archive-date=13 March 2016|access-date=20 November 2016|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>

Since 1989, the top foreign policy goal has been achieving integration into Western economic and security organisations. Hungary joined the [[Partnership for Peace]] programme in 1994 and has actively supported the [[Implementation Force|IFOR]] and [[Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina|SFOR]] missions in Bosnia. Since 1989 Hungary has improved its often frosty neighbour relations by signing basic treaties with Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine. These renounce all outstanding territorial claims and lay the foundation for constructive relations. However, the issue of [[Hungarian diaspora|ethnic Hungarian minority]] rights in Romania, Slovakia, and Serbia periodically cause bilateral tensions to flare up. However, relations with Serbia have more recently become extremely close due to strong Hungarian advocacy for Serbian EU membership, while relations with Slovakia have warmed due to cooperation on shared priorities within EU structures.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 January 2024 |title=Orban and Fico herald new era in Hungarian-Slovak relations |url=https://www.intellinews.com/orban-and-fico-herald-new-era-in-hungarian-slovak-relations-308210/ |work=BNE IntelliNews}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/vucic-and-orban-formalise-their-special-relationship/|work=Euractiv|title=Vucic and Orban formalise their 'special relationship'|date=10 September 2021}}</ref> Since 2017, the [[Hungary–Ukraine relations|relations with Ukraine]] rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the [[Hungarians in Ukraine|Hungarian minority in Ukraine]].<ref>"[https://www.neweurope.eu/article/hungary-ukraine-relations-hit-new-low-troop-deployment/ Hungary-Ukraine relations hit new low over troop deployment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181346/https://www.neweurope.eu/article/hungary-ukraine-relations-hit-new-low-troop-deployment/ |date=31 March 2019 }}". ''New Europe''. 26 March 2018.</ref> Since 1989, Hungary has signed all of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] documents, and served as the OSCE's Chairman-in-Office in 1997. Historically, Hungary has had particularly friendly [[Hungary–Poland relations|relations with Poland]]; this special relationship was recognised by the parliaments of both countries in 2007 with the joint declaration of 23 March as "The Day of Polish-Hungarian Friendship".<ref>{{cite web|author=Quinn Hargitai|date=13 February 2017|title=In a world of global tension and conflict, it's both endearing and unusual that two countries that don't even share a border have set aside a day solely to appreciate their friendship.|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170210-two-countries-as-close-as-brothers|access-date=14 September 2021|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> According to the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]], Hungary is the 14th most peaceful country in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2024 Global Peace Index|url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Hungarian Defence Forces|Military history of Hungary}}
{{See also|List of wars involving Hungary|List of equipment of the Hungarian Ground Forces}}
[[File:Hunspec.jpg|thumb|[[HDF 34th Bercsényi László Special Forces Battalion|HDF 34th Special Forces Battalion]]]]
[[File:JAS 39 pair HuAF Kecskemét 2007.JPG|thumb|[[JAS 39 Gripen]] [[multirole combat aircraft]]]]

The president holds the title of commander-in-chief of the nation's armed forces. The [[Minister of Defence (Hungary)|Ministry of Defence]] jointly with [[Commander of the Defence Forces (Hungary)|chief of staff]] administers the armed forces, including the [[Hungarian Ground Forces|Hungarian Ground Force]] (HDF) and the [[Hungarian Air Force]]. Since 2007, the Hungarian Armed Forces has been under a unified command structure. The Ministry of Defence maintains political and civil control over the army. A subordinate Joint Forces Command coordinates and commands the HDF. In 2016, the armed forces had 31,080 personnel on active duty, the operative reserve brought the total number of troops to fifty thousand. In 2016, it was planned that military spending the following year would be $1.21&nbsp;billion, about 0.94% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%. In 2012, the government adopted a resolution in which it pledged to increase defence spending to 1.4% of GDP by 2022.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 April 2016|title=Budget 2017: Hungary to spend €3.7 billion more than it should next year|url=http://hungarytoday.hu/news/budget-2017-hungary-spend-e3-7-billion-revenues-next-year-95159|access-date=28 April 2016|work=hungarytoday.hu|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075425/http://hungarytoday.hu/news/budget-2017-hungary-spend-e3-7-billion-revenues-next-year-95159|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Military service]] is voluntary, though [[conscription]] may occur in wartime. In a significant move for modernisation, Hungary decided in 2001 to buy 14 [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] fighter aircraft for about 800&nbsp;million EUR. Hungarian National Cyber Security Centre was re-organised in 2016 in order to become more efficient through [[cyber security]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Revised Hungarian IT Security Policy|url=https://www.enisa.europa.eu/about-enisa/structure-organization/national-liaison-office/meetings/june-2016/revised-hungarian-it-security-policy|access-date=20 November 2016|publisher=National Cyber Security Center}}</ref> In 2016, the Hungarian military had about 700 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including 100 HDF troops in the NATO-led [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]] force in Afghanistan, 210 Hungarian soldiers in Kosovo under command of [[Kosovo Force|KFOR]], and 160 troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hungary sent a 300-strong logistics unit to Iraq in order to help the U.S. occupation with armed transport convoys, though public opinion opposed the country's participation in the war.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}