Editing Human spaceflight (section)

== Space programs ==
{{Main list|List of human spaceflight programs}}
{{redirect|Astronaut corps|subdivision of NASA|NASA Astronaut Corps}}

Human spaceflight programs have been conducted by the Soviet Union–Russian Federation, the United States, [[Mainland China]], and by American [[private spaceflight]] companies.

{{human spaceflight capability}}

===Current programs===
{{Space_station_size_comparison}}
The following space vehicles and [[spaceport]]s are currently used for launching human spaceflights:
* [[Soyuz programme|Soyuz program]]/[[Soyuz (spacecraft)|spacecraft]] (Russia): Launched on [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz launch vehicle]] from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]]. The first crewed flight was in 1967. {{as of|2025|March}}, there have been 153 crewed flights, all of them orbital except one suborbital flight abort and one atmospheric flight abort. The first 66 flights were launched by the [[Soviet Union]].
* [[China Manned Space Program]]/[[Shenzhou spacecraft]] (China): Launched on [[Long March (rocket family)|Long March launch vehicle]] from [[Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center]]. The first crewed flight was in 2003. {{as of|2025|March}}, there have been 14 crewed orbital flights.
* [[Crew Dragon|SpaceX Crew Dragon]] (US): Launched on [[Falcon 9 Block 5|Falcon 9]] launch vehicle from either [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A]] or [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40]]. The first crewed flight was in 2020. {{as of|2025|March}}, there have been 16 crewed orbital flights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA Astronauts Launch from America in Test of SpaceX Crew Dragon|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-astronauts-launch-from-america-in-historic-test-flight-of-spacex-crew-dragon|last=Potter|first=Sean|date=2020-05-30|website=NASA|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref><ref name=Inspiration4/>
* [[New Shepard]] (US): Launched on New Shepard launch vehicle from [[Corn Ranch]] spaceport. The first crewed flight was in 2021. {{as of|2025|March}}, there have been ten crewed suborbital flights.
* [[Boeing Starliner]] (US): Launched on [[Atlas V N22]] launch vehicle from [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41]]. The first crewed launch was in 2024. {{as of|2025|March}}, there have been 1 crewed orbital launch, with the crew of the first launch transferring to [[SpaceX Crew-9]] while in orbit.

The following [[space stations]] are currently maintained in Earth orbit for human occupation:
* [[International Space Station]] (US, Russia, Europe, Japan, Canada) assembled in orbit: altitude {{convert|409|km|nmi|sp=us|abbr=off}}, 51.65° orbital inclination; crews transported by Soyuz or Crew Dragon spacecraft
* [[Tiangong Space Station]] (China) assembled in orbit: 41.5° orbital inclination;<ref>{{cite web |last1=McDowell |first1=Jonathan |title=Jonathan's Space Report No. 792 |url=https://planet4589.org/space/jsr/back/news.792.txt |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> crews transported by Shenzhou spacecraft

Most of the time, the only humans in space are those aboard the ISS, which generally has a crew of 7, and those aboard Tiangong, which generally has a crew of 3.

[[NASA]] and [[ESA]] use the term "human spaceflight" to refer to their programs of launching people into space. These endeavors have also formerly been referred to as "manned space missions", though this is no longer official parlance according to NASA style guides, which call for [[gender-neutral language]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/styleguide.html |title=Style Guide |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref>

===Planned future programs===
Under the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme|Indian Human Spaceflight Program]], India was planning to send humans into space on its orbital vehicle [[Gaganyaan]] before August 2022, but it has been delayed to 2024, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) began work on this project in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Scientists Discuss Indian Manned Space Mission|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-nov-2006/scientists-discuss-indian-manned-space-mission|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|date=2006-11-07|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113055011/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-nov-2006/scientists-discuss-indian-manned-space-mission|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Kadursrinivas 2017">{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=Mukund Kadursrinivas |last2=Murthi |first2=Sridhara K. R. |last3=Prasad |first3=M. Y. S. |title=The Decision for Indian Human Spaceflight Programme – Political Perspectives, National Relevance and Technological Challenges |url=http://eprints.nias.res.in/1359/1/2017-MK-Rao-IAC-17-B3-1-9-IndianHumanSpaceFlightFullPaper.pdf |publisher= International Astronautical Federation}}</ref> The initial objective is to carry a crew of two or three to [[low Earth orbit]] (LEO) for a 3-to-7-day flight in a [[ISRO Orbital Vehicle|spacecraft]] on a [[LVM 3]] rocket and return them safely for a water landing at a predefined landing zone. On 15 August 2018, [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], declared India will independently send humans into space before the 75th [[Independence Day (India)|anniversary of independence]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/independence-day-2018-live-updates-we-will-put-an-indian-on-space-before-2022-says-narendra-modi-at-red-fort-4967431.html|title=Independence Day 2018 Live Updates: 'We will put an Indian on space before 2022,' says Narendra Modi at Red Fort|website=Firstpost.com|date=15 August 2018|access-date=2020-06-21}}</ref> In 2019, ISRO revealed plans for a [[Indian Space Station|space station]] by 2030, followed by a crewed lunar mission. The program envisages the development of a fully-autonomous orbital vehicle capable of carrying 2 or 3 crew members to an about {{cvt|300|km}} low Earth orbit and bringing them safely back home.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 June 2020|title=ISRO Stalls Launch of Uncrewed Gaganyaan Mission and Chandrayaan-3 Due to COVID-19|url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2020-06-11-isro-stalls-launch-uncrewed-gaganyaan-mission-chandrayaan-3-due-covid-19|access-date=2020-06-13|website=The Weather Channel|language=en-US}}</ref>

Since 2008, the [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] has developed the [[H-II Transfer Vehicle]] cargo-spacecraft-based crewed spacecraft and [[Kibo (ISS module)|''Kibō'' Japanese Experiment Module]]–based small space laboratory.

[[NASA]] is developing a plan to land humans on Mars by the 2030s. The first step has begun with [[Artemis I]] in 2022, sending an uncrewed [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] spacecraft to a [[distant retrograde orbit]] around the Moon and returning it to Earth after a 25-day mission.

SpaceX is developing [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]], a fully reusable two-stage system, with near-Earth and cislunar applications and an ultimate goal of landing on Mars. The upper stage of the Starship system, also called Starship, has had 9 atmospheric test flights as of September 2021. The first [[SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 1|test flight]] of the fully integrated two-stage system occurred in April 2023. A [[Starship HLS|modified version]] of Starship is being developed for the [[Artemis program]].

Several other countries and space agencies have announced and begun human spaceflight programs using natively developed equipment and technology, including Japan ([[JAXA]]), [[Iran]] ([[Iranian Space Agency|ISA]]), and [[North Korea]] ([[National Aerospace Development Administration|NADA]]). The plans for the [[Iranian crewed spacecraft]] are for a small spacecraft and space laboratory. [[North Korea]]'s [[National Aerospace Development Administration|space program]] has plans for crewed spacecraft and small shuttle systems.

=== National spacefaring attempts ===
: ''This section lists all nations which have attempted human spaceflight programs. This is not to be confused with [[List of space travelers by nationality|nations with citizens who have traveled into space]], including space tourists, flown or intending to fly by a foreign country's or non-domestic private company's space systems – who are not counted in this list toward their country's national spacefaring attempts.''

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: Successfully executed programs are in '''bold'''.
: [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|Suborbital]] spaceflights are in ''italics''.
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; font-size: 90%"
! Nation/Organization
! Space agency
! Term(s) for space traveler
! First launched astronaut
! Date
! Spacecraft
! Launcher
! Type
|-
| {{Flag|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics}}<br />(1922–1991)
| [[Soviet space program]]<br />([[OKB-1|OKB-1 Design Bureau]])
| космонавт&nbsp;(same word in:) {{in lang|ru|uk}}<br />''kosmonavt''<br />cosmonaut<br />Ғарышкер{{in lang|kk}}
| [[Yuri Gagarin]]
| 12 April 1961
| [[Vostok spacecraft]]
| [[Vostok rocket|Vostok]]
| Orbital
|-
| {{US}}
| [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)]]
| astronaut<br />spaceflight participant
| [[Alan Shepard]] (suborbital)
| 5 May 1961
| [[Mercury spacecraft#Spacecraft|Mercury spacecraft]]
| [[Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle|Redstone]]
| Suborbital
|-
| {{US}}
| [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)]]
| astronaut<br />spaceflight participant
| [[John Glenn]] (orbital)
| 20 February 1962
| [[Mercury spacecraft#Spacecraft|Mercury spacecraft]]
| [[Atlas LV-3B]]
| Orbital
|-
| {{PRC}}
| [[Chinese space program|Space program of the People's Republic of China]]
| {{nativename|zh-Hans|宇航员}}<br />{{transliteration|zh|yǔhángyuán}}<br />{{nativename|zh-Hans|航天员}}<br />{{transliteration|zh|hángtiānyuán}}
| —
| 1973 (abandoned)
| [[Shuguang spacecraft|Shuguang]]
| [[Long March 2A]]
| Orbital
|-
| {{PRC}}
| [[Chinese space program|Space program of the People's Republic of China]]
| {{nativename|zh-Hans|宇航员}}<br />{{transliteration|zh|yǔhángyuán}}<br />{{nativename|zh-Hans|航天员}}<br />{{transliteration|zh|hángtiānyuán}}
| —
| 1981 (abandoned)
| [[Fanhui Shi Weixing|Piloted FSW]]
| [[Long March 2]]
| Orbital
|-
| [[File:ESA logo simple.svg|20px]] [[European Space Agency]]
| [[CNES]] / [[European Space Agency|European Space Agency (ESA)]]
| ''spationaute'' {{in lang|fr}}<br />astronaut
| —
| 1992 (abandoned)
| [[Hermes (spacecraft)|Hermes]]
| [[Ariane V]]
| Orbital
|-
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| [[Roscosmos]]
| космонавт&nbsp;{{in lang|ru}}<br />''kosmonavt''<br />cosmonaut
| [[Alexander Viktorenko]], [[Alexander Kaleri]]
| 17 March 1992
| [[Soyuz TM-14]] to MIR
| [[Soyuz-U2]]
| Orbital
|-
| {{Flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Ba'athist Iraq]]<br />(1968–2003){{NoteTag|According to a press release of Iraqi News Agency of 5 December 1989 about the first (and last) test of the [[Tammouz rocket|Tammouz]] space launcher, [[Iraq]] intended to develop crewed space facilities by the end of the century. These plans were put to an end by the [[Gulf War]] of 1991 and the economic hard times that followed.}}
| —
| {{nativename|ar|رجل فضاء }}<br />{{transliteration|ar|rajul faḍāʼ}}<br />{{nativename|ar|رائد فضاء }}<br />{{transliteration|ar|rāʼid faḍāʼ}}<br />{{nativename|ar|ملاح فضائي }}<br />''mallāḥ faḍāʼiy''
| —
| 2001 (abandoned)
| —
| [[Tammouz rocket|Tammouz 2 or 3]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}
| [[National Space Development Agency of Japan|National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)]]
| {{nativename|ja|宇宙飛行士}}<br />{{transliteration|ja|uchūhikōshi}} or<br /> {{Nihongo2|アストロノート}}<br /> {{transliteration|ja|asutoronoto}}
| —
| 2003 (abandoned)
| [[HOPE-X|HOPE]]
| [[H-II]]
| Orbital
|-
| {{PRC}}
| [[China Manned Space Agency|China Manned Space Agency (CMSA)]]
| {{nativename|zh-Hans|宇航员}}<br />{{transliteration|zh|yǔhángyuán}}<br />{{nativename|zh-Hans|航天员}}<br />{{transliteration|zh|hángtiānyuán}}<br />taikonaut ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=太空人 |p=tàikōng rén}})
| [[Yang Liwei]]
| 15 October 2003
| [[Shenzhou (spacecraft)|Shenzhou spacecraft]]
| [[Long March 2F]]
| Orbital
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}
| {{Interlanguage link|Japanese Rocket Society|ja|3=日本ロケット協会|vertical-align=sup}}, [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries]] and [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
| {{nativename|ja|宇宙飛行士}}<br />{{transliteration|ja|uchūhikōshi}} or<br /> {{Nihongo2|アストロノート}}<br /> {{transliteration|ja|asutoronoto}}
| —
| 2000s (abandoned)
| [[Kankoh-maru]]
| [[Kankoh-maru]]
| Orbital
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}
| [[JAXA|Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)]]
| {{nativename|ja|宇宙飛行士}}<br />{{transliteration|ja|uchūhikōshi}} or<br /> {{Nihongo2|アストロノート}}<br /> {{transliteration|ja|asutoronoto}}
| —
| 2003 (abandoned)
| [[Fuji (spacecraft)|Fuji]]
| [[H-II]]
| Orbital
|-
| {{flag|India}}
| [[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)]]
| Vyomanaut <br />&nbsp;{{in lang|sa}}
| —
| 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-manned-mission-not-before-2023-minister/articleshow/81013233.cms|title=Gaganyaan manned mission not before 2023: Minister |work=the Times of India|date=2021-02-17|author=Surendra Singh}}</ref>
| [[Gaganyaan]]
| [[LVM 3]]
| Orbital
<ref>{{cite news |url = https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/technology/four-years-is-tight-but-can-achieve-the-human-spaceflight-isros-k-sivan/65411891 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164653/https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/technology/four-years-is-tight-but-can-achieve-the-human-spaceflight-isros-k-sivan/65411891 |url-status = dead |archive-date = 15 August 2018 |title = Four years is tight, but can achieve the human spaceflight: ISRO's K Sivan - ETtech |author = ETtech.com |newspaper = The Economic Times |language = en |access-date = 2018-08-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-will-put-man-in-space-for-seven-days-isro-chairman-118081500485_1.html |title= India will put man in space for seven days: ISRO Chairman |author = IANS |date = 15 August 2018 |work = Business Standard India |access-date = 2018-08-15 }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:ESA logo simple.svg|20px]] [[European Space Agency]]
| [[European Space Agency|European Space Agency (ESA)]]
| astronaut
| —
| 2020 (concept approved in 2009; but full development not begun)<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8139347.stm |work=BBC News |title=Europe targets manned spaceship |date=7 July 2009 |access-date=27 March 2010 |first=Jonathan |last=Amos }}</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/05/22/223941/apollo-like-capsule-chosen-for-crew-space-transportation.html Apollo-like capsule chosen for Crew Space Transportation System], 22 May 2008</ref><ref>[http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/ATV/infokit/english/Complete_Infokit_ATVreentry.pdf "Jules Verne" Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) Re-entry]. Information Kit (PDF). Updated September 2008. European Space Agency. Retrieved on 7 August 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7749761.stm |work = BBC News |title = Europe's 10bn-euro space vision |date=26 November 2008 |access-date = 27 March 2010 |first = Jonathan |last = Amos }}</ref>
| [[CSTS]], [[Automated Transfer Vehicle|ARV phase-2]]
| [[Ariane V]]
| Orbital
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}
| [[JAXA|Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)]]
| {{nativename|ja|宇宙飛行士}}<br />{{transliteration|ja|uchūhikōshi}} or<br /> {{Nihongo2|アストロノート}}<br /> {{transliteration|ja|asutoronoto}}
| —
| TBD
| [[H-II Transfer Vehicle|HTV-based spacecraft]]
| [[H3 (rocket)|H3]]
| Orbital
|-
| {{flag|Iran}}
| [[Iranian Space Agency|Iranian Space Agency (ISA)]]
| —
| —
| 2019 (on hold)
| [[Iranian crewed spacecraft|ISA spacecraft]]
| TBD
| Orbital
|-
| {{flag|North Korea}}
| [[National Aerospace Development Administration|National Aerospace Development Administration (NADA)]]
| —
| —
| 2020s
| [[National Aerospace Development Administration#Future projects|NADA spacecraft]]
| [[Unha|Unha 9]]
| Orbital
|-
| {{flag|Denmark}}
| [[Copenhagen Suborbitals]]
| astronaut
| —
| 2020s
| [[HEAT 1X Tycho Brahe|Tycho Brahe]]
| [[HEAT 1X Tycho Brahe|SPICA]]
| Suborbital
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{{Human spaceflight timeline}}