Editing Homeopathy (section)

=== Plausibility of dilutions ===
[[File:LedumPalustre15CH.jpg|right|thumb|A homeopathic preparation made from [[marsh tea]]: the "15C" dilution shown here means the original solution was diluted to 1/10<sup>30</sup> of its original strength.]]
The exceedingly low concentration of homeopathic preparations, which often lack even a single [[molecule]] of the diluted substance,<ref name="Ernst2005" /> has been the basis of questions about the effects of the preparations since the 19th century.<ref name="GrimesFACT">{{cite journal|last1=Grimes|first1=D.R.|year=2012|title=Proposed mechanisms for homeopathy are physically impossible|journal=Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies|volume=17|issue=3|pages=149–55|doi=10.1111/j.2042-7166.2012.01162.x}}</ref> The laws of chemistry give this dilution limit, which is related to the [[Avogadro constant|Avogadro number]], as being roughly equal to 12C homeopathic dilutions (1 part in 10<sup>24</sup>).<ref name="Appendix2" /><ref name="Sbarrett2">{{cite web|author=Barrett S|date=December 28, 2004|title=Homeopathy: the ultimate fake|url=http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/homeo.html|access-date=July 25, 2007|publisher=[[Quackwatch]]}}</ref><ref name="dynam2">{{cite web|author=Faziola L|title=Dynamization and dilution|url=http://altmed.creighton.edu/Homeopathy/philosophy/dilution.htm|access-date=July 24, 2007|work=Homeopathy Tutorial|publisher=Creighton University School of Medicine|archive-date=August 26, 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020826082134/http://altmed.creighton.edu/Homeopathy/philosophy/dilution.htm}}</ref> [[James Randi]] and the [[10:23 campaign]] groups have highlighted the lack of [[active ingredient]]s by taking large 'overdoses'.<ref name="Jones2">Sam Jones, [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jan/29/sceptics-homeopathy-mass-overdose-boots "Homeopathy protesters to take 'mass overdose' outside Boots"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', January 29, 2010</ref> None of the hundreds of demonstrators in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the US were injured and "no one was cured of anything, either".<ref name="Jones2" />

Modern advocates of homeopathy have proposed a concept of "[[water memory]]", according to which water "remembers" the substances mixed in it, and transmits the effect of those substances when consumed. This concept is inconsistent with the current understanding of matter, and water memory has never been demonstrated to have any detectable effect, biological or otherwise.<ref name="NatureWhenToBelieve2">{{cite journal|author=Maddox J|year=1988|title=When to believe the unbelievable|journal=Nature|type=editorial|volume=333|issue=6176|pages=1349–56|bibcode=1988Natur.333Q.787.|doi=10.1038/333787a0|pmid=<!--none-->|s2cid=4369459|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="delusion2">{{cite journal|last1=Maddox|first1=J|last2=Randi|first2=J|last3=Stewart|first3=W|year=1988|title="High-dilution" experiments a delusion|journal=Nature|volume=334|issue=6180|pages=287–91|bibcode=1988Natur.334..287M|doi=10.1038/334287a0|pmid=2455869|s2cid=9579433}}</ref> Existence of a [[Biological activity|pharmacological effect]] in the absence of any true active ingredient is inconsistent with the [[law of mass action]] and the observed [[dose-response relationship]]s characteristic of therapeutic drugs.<ref name="Levy2">{{cite journal|last1=Levy|first1=G|year=1986|title=Kinetics of drug action: An overview|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=78|issue=4 Pt 2|pages=754–61|doi=10.1016/0091-6749(86)90057-6|pmid=3534056}}</ref> Homeopaths contend that their methods produce a therapeutically active preparation, selectively including only the intended substance, though in reality any water will have been in contact with millions of different substances throughout its history, and homeopaths cannot account for the selected homeopathic substance being isolated as a special case in their process.<ref name="Smith20122">{{cite journal|author=Smith K|year=2012|title=Homeopathy is Unscientific and Unethical|journal=Bioethics|volume=26|issue=9|pages=508–12|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01956.x|s2cid=143067523|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1035885 }}</ref>

Practitioners also hold that higher dilutions produce stronger medicinal effects. This idea is also inconsistent with observed dose-response relationships, where effects are dependent on the concentration of the active ingredient in the body.<ref name="Levy2" />  Some contend that the phenomenon of [[hormesis]] may support the idea of dilution increasing potency,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Oberbaum, M|author2=Singer, SR|author3=Samuels, N.|date=Jul 2010|title=Hormesis and homeopathy: bridge over troubled waters|journal=Hum Exp Toxicol|volume=29|issue=7|pages=567–71|doi=10.1177/0960327110369777|pmid=20558608|s2cid=8107797|doi-access=free|bibcode=2010HETox..29..567O }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khuda-Bukhsh|first1=Anisur Rahman|date=2003|title=Towards understanding molecular mechanisms of action of homeopathic drugs: an overview|journal=Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry|volume=253|issue=1/2|pages=339–45|doi=10.1023/A:1026048907739|pmid=14619985|s2cid=10971539}}</ref> but the dose-response relationship outside the zone of hormesis declines with dilution as normal, and nonlinear pharmacological effects do not provide any credible support for homeopathy.<ref name="Smith20122" />