Editing Holocaust denial (section)

===Beginnings of modern denialism===
In 1961, a protégé of Barnes, [[David Hoggan]], published {{lang|de|Der erzwungene Krieg}} (''The Forced War'') in West Germany, which claimed that Germany had been the victim of an Anglo-Polish conspiracy in 1939. Though ''Der erzwungene Krieg'' was primarily concerned with the origins of World War II, it also down-played or justified the effects of Nazi [[antisemitic]] measures in the pre-1939 period.{{sfn|Lipstadt|1993|p=71}} For example, Hoggan justified the huge one billion [[Reichsmark]] fine imposed on the entire Jewish community in Germany after the 1938 {{lang|de|[[Kristallnacht]]}} as a reasonable measure to prevent what he called "Jewish profiteering" at the expense of German insurance companies and alleged that no Jews were killed in the ''Kristallnacht'' (in fact, 91 German Jews were murdered in the {{lang|de|Kristallnacht}}).{{sfn|Lipstadt|1993|p=71}} Subsequently, Hoggan explicitly denied the Holocaust in 1969 in a book entitled ''The Myth of the Six Million'', which was published by the [[Noontide Press]], a small Los Angeles publisher specializing in antisemitic literature.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gottfired |first=Ted |title=Deniers Of The Holocaust: Who They Are, What They Do, Why They Do It |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |date=2001 |page=29}}</ref>

In 1964, [[Paul Rassinier]] published ''The Drama of the European Jews''. Rassinier was himself a concentration camp survivor (he was held in [[Buchenwald]] for having helped French Jews escape the Nazis), and modern-day deniers continue to cite his works as scholarly research that questions the accepted facts of the Holocaust. Critics argued that Rassinier did not cite evidence for his claims and ignored information that contradicted his assertions; he nevertheless remains influential in Holocaust denial circles for being one of the first deniers to propose that a vast Zionist/Allied/Soviet conspiracy faked the Holocaust, a theme that would be picked up in later years by other authors.<ref>{{cite book |first=Deborah E. |last=Lipstadt |author-link=Deborah Lipstadt |title=History on Trial |publisher=Harcourt |date=2005 |isbn=0-06-059376-8}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2020}}

[[Austin App]], a [[La Salle University]] medieval English literature professor, is considered the first major mainstream American holocaust denier.<ref>{{cite book |last=Knight |first=Peter |title=Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |year=2003 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-1576078129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC&q=%22Austin%20App%22%20holocaust&pg=PA322 |page=322 |access-date=March 20, 2021 |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705094705/https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC&q=%22Austin%20App%22%20holocaust&pg=PA322 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Atkins, Stephen E. 2009 pp. 153">{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |year=2009 |title=Austin J. App and Holocaust Denial. Holocaust denial as an international movement |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Praeger |pages=153–155 |isbn=978-0-313-34539-5}}</ref> App defended the Germans and Nazi Germany during World War II. He published numerous articles, letters, and books on Holocaust denial, quickly building a loyal following. App's work inspired the [[Institute for Historical Review]], a California center founded in 1978 whose sole task is the denial of the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Carlos C. |last1=Huerta |first2=Dafna |last2=Shiffman-Huerta |chapter=Holocaust Denial Literature: Its Place in Teaching the Holocaust |editor1-first=Rochelle L. |editor1-last=Millen |title=New Perspectives on the Holocaust: A Guide for Teachers and Scholars |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |date=1996 |isbn=0-8147-5540-2 |page=189}}</ref>

The publication of [[Arthur Butz]]'s ''[[The Hoax of the Twentieth Century]]: The case against the presumed extermination of European Jewry'' in 1976 brought other similarly inclined individuals into the fold.{{sfn|Lipstadt|1993|p=125}} Butz was a tenured associate professor of electrical engineering at [[Northwestern University]]. In December 1978 and January 1979, [[Robert Faurisson]], a French professor of literature at the [[University of Lyon]], wrote two letters to ''[[Le Monde]]'' claiming that the [[gas chambers]] used by the Nazis to exterminate the Jews did not exist. A colleague of Faurisson, [[Jean-Claude Pressac]], who initially shared Faurisson's views, later became convinced of the Holocaust's evidence while investigating documents at [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] in 1979. He published his conclusions along with much of the underlying evidence in his 1989 book, ''Auschwitz: Technique and operation of the gas chambers''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pressac |first=Jean-Claude |title=Auschwitz: Technique and operation of the gas chambers |url=http://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/pressac/technique-and-operation/ |via=Pratique de l'Histoire et Dévoiements Négationnistes |access-date=January 31, 2006 |year=1989 |publisher=The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation |location=New York |archive-date=January 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128063557/http://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/pressac/technique-and-operation/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Henry Bienen]], the former president of Northwestern University, has described Arthur Butz's view of the Holocaust as an "embarrassment to Northwestern".<ref name="bienen">{{cite web |url=http://www.northwestern.edu/president/arthurbutz.html |title=Message from President Bienen, Northwestern University |last=Bienen |first=Henry S. |date=February 6, 2006 |publisher=[[Northwestern University]] |access-date=September 20, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070501100921/http://www.northwestern.edu/president/arthurbutz.html |archive-date= May 1, 2007}}</ref> In 2006, sixty of Butz's colleagues from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science faculty signed a censure describing Butz's Holocaust denial as "an affront to our humanity and our standards as scholars".<ref name="tdn">{{cite news |url=http://dailynorthwestern.com/2006/02/16/archive-manual/students-faculty-oppose-butz-with-petitions/ |title=Students, faculty oppose Butz with petitions |last=Elizabeth |first=Campbell |date=February 16, 2006 |newspaper=The Daily Northwestern |access-date=May 17, 2012 |archive-date=January 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116074722/http://dailynorthwestern.com/2006/02/16/archive-manual/students-faculty-oppose-butz-with-petitions/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The letter also called for Butz to "leave our Department and our University and stop trading on our reputation for academic excellence".{{R|tdn}}