Editing History of science (section)

==== Astronomy ====
{{Main|Indian astronomy|}}
[[File:Page_from_Lilavati,_the_first_volume_of_Siddhānta_Śiromaṇī._Use_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem_in_the_corner.jpg|thumb|Copy of the [[Siddhānta Shiromani|''Siddhānta Śiromaṇī''.]] c. 1650 ]]
The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the [[Veda]]s, religious literature of India.<ref name="Sarma-Ast-Ind">{{cite encyclopedia|last =Sarma|first = K.V.| title=Astronomy in India |date = 2008 |encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|editor-last = Selin|editor-first = Helaine|doi= 10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9554|publisher = Springer, Dordrecht|isbn = 978-1-4020-4425-0|pages = 317–321}}</ref> According to Sarma (2008): "One finds in the [[Rigveda]] intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the [[Spherical Earth|spherical self-supporting earth]], and the year of 360 days divided into 12 equal parts of 30 days each with a periodical intercalary month.".<ref name="Sarma-Ast-Ind" />

The first 12 chapters of the ''[[Siddhānta Shiromani|Siddhanta Shiromani]]'', written by [[Bhāskara II|Bhāskara]] in the 12th century, cover topics such as: mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the planets; the three problems of diurnal rotation; syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar eclipses; latitudes of the planets; risings and settings; the moon's crescent; conjunctions of the planets with each other; conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars; and the patas of the sun and moon. The 13 chapters of the second part cover the nature of the sphere, as well as significant astronomical and trigonometric calculations based on it.

In the ''[[Tantrasangraha]]'' treatise, [[Nilakantha Somayaji]]'s updated the Aryabhatan model for the interior planets, Mercury, and Venus and the equation that he specified for the center of these planets was more accurate than the ones in European or Islamic astronomy until the time of [[Johannes Kepler]] in the 17th century.<ref name="joseph2011j">{{cite book |last=Joseph |first=George G. |title=The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics |date=2011 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691135267 |edition=3rd |location=New Jersey |pages=418–449 |chapter=A Passage to Infinity: The Kerala Episode}}</ref> [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] constructed five [[Observatory|observatories]] called [[Jantar Mantar]]s in total, in [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|New Delhi]], [[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|Jaipur]], [[Jantar Mantar, Ujjain|Ujjain]], [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] and [[Jantar Mantar, Varanasi|Varanasi]]; they were completed between 1724 and 1735.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Observatory Sites |url=http://www.jantarmantar.org/learn/observatories/sites/index.html |access-date=2024-01-29}}</ref>