Editing History of Jordan (section)

=== Al-Fayez Period ===
The Beni Sakher under Awad bin Thiab Al-Fayez reinstated the Ahl Al-Shamal confederacy at the beginning of the 19th century with Al Sirhan, Al Sardiya, and the Al Issa as junior tribes, and would raid the Wuld Ali Anazah from Palestine and the Balwa for many decades, until their gradual weakening, ending with the Bani Sakher regaining their lands to the east.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peake |first=Frederick |title=A history of Jordan and its Tribes |publisher=University of Miami Press |year=1958 |location=Miami, United States |publication-date=1958 |pages=218–220}}</ref> The Wuld Ali Anazah were finally pushed out and northwards into Al Mafraq. Around that time, in 1803 the Wahhabi's began occupying lands in Southern Jordan, until they reached Al-Karak in 1808. The Karakis, under Yusuf Al-Majali, refused to pay the Wahhabis, which might've been the reason for Ibn Sa'ud conferring on title of "Emir of all the Bedouins to the south of Damascus, as far as the Red Sea." on Yusuf.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abadi |first=Jacob |title=Between Arabia and the Holy Land |publisher=Taylor Francis |year=2024 |isbn=9781003450313 |location=London |pages=125}}</ref> This title would prove to be short-lived as by 1812 the Bani Sakher were so overwhelming that they defeated the joint-forces of the Adwan, the Wali of Damascus [[Sulayman Pasha al-Adil|Sulayman Pasha]], and the newly arrived but powerful [[Ruwallah|Ruwalla]] tribe to occupy and seize the Balqa and flee the Adwan to Ajloun where Al Freihat and Al Schreideh were the paramount powers. A power struggle between Al Freihat and al Schreideh allowed the Bani Sakher to extend further into Jabal Ajloun. In the same year, [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt|Johann L. Burckhardt]] would become the first westerner to see the ancient city of [[Petra]] in over a thousand years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Christie |first=Trevor |date=October 1967 |title=Shaikh Burckhardt: Explorer |url=https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196705/shaikh.burckhardt.explorer.htm |access-date=7 December 2015 |website=Saudi AramcoWorld |archive-date=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210202750/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196705/shaikh.burckhardt.explorer.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1820, a battle took place between the Bani Sakher, now led by a young [[Fendi Al-Fayez]] and the Adwan led by Diyab and their allies the Bani Hassan north of the Balqa where "much blood was spilt".

In 1822, Syria was ceded to Ismail Pasha and the growing Muhammad Ali dynasty in Egypt, however rule of the tribes still remained lax and more powerful tribes would see the say autonomy during this period. In 1825, the Al-Freihat and their allies sided with the Adwan and their Balqa coalition which included a list of tribes in Al Qradha and the Bani Hassan, successfully pushed the Bani Sakher out of Jabal Ajloun.<ref name=":1" /> In 1833 Ibrahim Pasha turned on the Ottomans and established his rule, whose oppressive policies led to the unsuccessful [[Peasants' revolt in Palestine]] in 1834. Jordanian cities of Al-Salt and Al-Karak were [[Siege of Al-Karak (1834)|destroyed]] by Ibrahim Pasha's forces for harboring a fled Palestinian [[Qasim al-Ahmad|revolt leader]]. Egyptian rule was [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)|forcibly ended]] in 1841 with the help of western intervention, the Ottoman rule was restored. The middle of the 18th century so the rapid expansion
[[File:Fendi Al-Fayez.png|left|thumb|Prince Fendi Al-Fayez in the 1870s]]
of the Bani Sakher, under now Emir Fendi Al-Fayez who has seemingly overshadowed his Khreisha counterpart and would gain effective control of the whole tribe. In 1848, an expedition by American Naval Officer [[William F. Lynch|William Lynch]] had him encounter the Bani Sakher during negotiations with Aqil Agha. Already by then, Lynch, noted that the tribe at this point was the most powerful force east of the Jordan, and that Fendi Al-Fayez was referred to as prince,<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Lynch |first=William |title=Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea |publisher=Blanchard and Lea |year=1853 |pages=360–364}}</ref> and his son and successor Sattam as the young prince.<ref name=":5" /> Around this time Fendi would send Sattam as an emissary to [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt]] bearing horses for gifts.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Tristram |first=Henry Baker |author-link=Henry Baker Tristram |title=The Land of Moab |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1873 |isbn=9781108042062 |location=London, Murray, Albemarle Street |pages=95}}</ref>

During that period, the tribe succeeded in establishing vassalage over a significant number of tribes and villages across Jordan, including Al Sardiya, Al Sirhan, Bani Abbad, Bani Hamida, and notably, the influential Majali. The vassalizing of Al-Karak and the Majalis under the sway of Al-Fayez was notably documented in 1863 by Italian explorer Carlo Guarmani.<ref name="Guarmani 1938 109–110">{{Cite book |last=Guarmani |first=Carlo |title=Northern Najd |publisher=The Argonaut Press |year=1938 |isbn= |location=London, England |pages=109–110}}</ref>

A pivotal event in these power dynamics involved the Majalli family, detailed in Carlo Guarmani's account in his book, ''Northern Nejd''. The villagers of [[Tafilah|Al Tafilah]], traditionally under the jurisdiction of Mohammad Al-Majalli and accustomed to paying annual tributes, expressed dissatisfaction with the Majalis' dwindling protection. Led by Abdullah Al-Huara, chief of Al Tafilah, they collectively decided to renounce their vassal status, proposing instead to offer yearly gifts as a token of homage. This shift did not sit well with the Al-Majalli chief, who intended to reassert control. However, intervention by the Bani Sakher, under the leadership of Fendi, whose diplomatic efforts led to a compromise that averted immediate conflict.<ref name="Guarmani 1938 109–110"/>

The tension resurfaced in January 1864 when Al-Majalli sought to reclaim authority over Tafilah. This move triggered a formal declaration of war from Fendi. Shlash Al-Bakhit Al-Fayez led a successful tactical assault against Qoblan Al-Mkheisen, appointed by Al-Majalli to manage Tafilah. In response, Fendi deployed 200 warriors who faced a formidable opposition of 2000 riflemen mounted on dromedaries. As the standoff prolonged, the people of Al-Kerak found themselves in an effective state of siege, grappling with food shortages and growing discontent. In a strategic move, Al-Majalli covertly approached Fendi under the cover of night to formally concede defeat, agreeing to make amends to those affected by the hostilities, including reinstating Al-Huara's son as the Chief of Al-Tafilah. This resolution solidified Al-Fayez's influential role in mediating and resolving tribal conflicts, further instated their leadership and diplomatic prowess in the region.<ref name="Guarmani 1938 109–110"/>[[File:Mesha_Stele_(511142469)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|182x182px|The [[Moabite Stone]], first revealed to the western world by [[Sattam bin Fendi]]]]Around the late 1860s Fendi began sharing many of his responsibilities with his son [[Sattam Al-Fayez|Sattam]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alon |first=Yoav |title=The Shaykh of Shaykhs |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780804799348 |location=Stanford, California |pages=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Gray |author-link=John Edward Gray Hill |title=With the Beduins |publisher=T. F. Unwin |year=1891 |location=the New York Public Library |pages=249}}</ref> who would become the first tribal Sheikh in Jordan since the early Mamluk age to focus on administration, agriculture, and state-building in Jordan outside the urban centers of Al Salt and Al Karak.<ref>{{Cite book |last=van der Steen |first=Eveline |title=Near Eastern Tribal Societies During the Nineteenth Century |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |pages=189}}</ref> A formal alliance was struck between the Bani Sakher and the Adwan since the beginning of their hostilities in the 1620s, with the marriage of Alia, the sister of Ali ibn Diyab Al Adwan, to Sattam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tristram |first=Henry Baker |title=The Land of Moab |publisher=Gorgias Press |year=2003 |edition=2nd |pages=345}}</ref> [[Henry Baker Tristram|Henry Tristram's]] expedition to the area was right after this marriage, and he was guided by [[Sattam Al-Fayez|Sheikh Sattam Al-Fayez]] around much of the country in a 3-month journey, showing signs of much greater stability than what was the case in the previous centuries. Al-Fayez would introduce Henry to the [[Mesha Stele|Moabite stone]] which was in the vassal [[Bani Hamida]] lands. The stone was a great discovery, and after strained negotiations it was finally sent to Paris where it now resides in the Louvre.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=William |title=The Moabite Stone |publisher=Porteous and Gibbs |year=1872 |isbn= |location=London |pages=8, 12 |language=English}}</ref>
[[File:Emir Sattam bin Fendi Al Fayez.png|left|thumb|A young Emir Sattam bin Fendi in 1848]]
The alliance between the Bani Sakher and the Adwan posed a threat to the Ottoman administration, preceding the Great Arab Revolt by half a century. The mid-1860s would see the Ottomans send multiple forces under [[Mehmed Rashid Pasha|Mehmet Rashid Pasha]] in 1867 into the Adwan lands. The Ottomans instated Mohammad Sa'id Agha as the governor of the Balqa which greatly affected Adwan prestige. Another force was sent against the Adwan who were supported by the Adwan, culminating in another defeat and forcing the Adwan to pay 225,000 piasters as a fine. Another force sent by Rashid Pasha into the Bani Sakher lands in 1869 but the area was too costly to maintain for the Ottomans due to the frequency of attacks.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Alon |first=Yoav |title=The shaykh of shaykhs: Mithqal al-Fayiz and tribal leadership in modern Jordan |date=2016 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-9662-0 |location=Stanford, California |pages=137}}</ref>

Russian [[Ethnic cleansing of Circassians|persecution]] of Sunni Muslim [[Circassians]] in [[Circassia]], forced their immigration into the region in 1867, where they today form a small part of the country's ethnic fabric.<ref name="leg2">{{cite book |author=Beverley Milton-Edwards, Peter Hinchcliffe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy |date=2009-06-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134105465 |page=14 |access-date=2016-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044115/https://books.google.com/books?id=HRV9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |archive-date=2023-04-10 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oppression and neglect for the people of the region forced the population to decline, the only people left were nomadic [[Bedouins]].<ref name="Understanding Jordan2">{{cite book |author=Perdew Laura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_CXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |title=Understanding Jordan Today |date=2014-11-01 |publisher=Mitchell Lane Publishers, Inc. |isbn=9781612286778 |page=17 |access-date=2016-04-09}}</ref> Urban settlements with small populations included; Al-Salt, [[Irbid]], [[Jerash]] and [[Al-Karak]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Pete W. Moore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChPfBfCHFrMC&pg=PA58 |title=Doing Business in the Middle East: Politics and Economic Crisis in Jordan and Kuwait |date=2004-10-14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139456357 |page=58 |access-date=2016-06-04}}</ref> What added to the under-development of the urban life in Jordan was the fact that the settlements were raided by the Bedouins as a source of living, the urbanites had to pay them to stay

safe.<ref name="KOJ2">{{cite book |author=Raphael Patai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jfWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |title=Kingdom of Jordan |date=2015-12-08 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400877997 |pages=23, 32 |access-date=2016-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044110/https://books.google.com/books?id=-jfWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |archive-date=2023-04-10 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Jizah Reservoir and Mamluk Building.jpg|thumb|The Al-Jizah reservoir, dating back to the Pax Romana, and the Mamluk building which was refitted by the Ottoman for Sattam to govern from.]]
The Circassians, supported by the Ottomans, were resettled in Amman, which was a huge loss to the prestige and riches of Adwan. In a balancing act the Ottomans then resettled the Christians of Al Karak which have been paying tribute to the Al-Fayez since 1750 in Madaba,<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> the stronghold of Al-Fayez. This greatly angered Sheikh Sattam who was by now the effectively the paramount Sheikh of the Bani Sakher. Sattam first protested,<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Abu Jaber |first=Rauf |title=Pioneers Over Jordan |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=1989 |isbn=1850431167 |location= |pages=}}</ref> and with the Ottoman's firm resolution, resorted to violence in order to drive them out. Instead of a prolonged battle, the Ottomans appeased the young Emir by officially giving him the office of Emir Al Jizah, which included the titles Bey and Agha.<ref name=":8" />