Editing History of Iraq (section)

== Kingdom of Khaza'il ==
{{Further|Kingdom of Khaza'il}}
The Kingdom of Khaza'il ([[Arabic]]: مملكة الخزاعل, [[Romanization|romanized]]: Mamlakat al-Khaza'il)''',''' also known as the Emirate of Khaza'il ([[Arabic]]: إمارة الخزاعل, [[Romanization|romanized]]: Imārat al-Khaza'il) to the Arabs and officially as the Kingdom of the Middle and Lower Euphrates '''('''[[Arabic]]: مملكة الفرات الأوسط والأسفل, [[Romanization|romanized]]: Mamlakat al-Furāt al-Awsaṭ wa-al-Asfal) by Britain,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Reports of administration for 1918 of divisions and districts of the occupied territories in Mesopotamia |date=1919 |publisher=British Administration |volume=1 |pages=66}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=James Saumarez |title=An Administrator In The Making: James Saumarez Mann, 1893–1920 |date=1921 |publisher=Longmans, Green, & Co |pages=201}}</ref> was an autonomous [[Monarchy|kingdom]] in present-day Iraq that resisted [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] colonial rule from the early 16th century to the early 20th century. Ruled by the Khaza'il Royal family, also known as the [[Banu Khuza'ah]] [[Sheikh]]ly dynasty, the Kingdom exercised military, economic, and political sovereignty, particularly in the Middle and Lower [[Euphrates]] region.

At the height of their power in the 17th, 18th and 19th century, the Khaza'il ruled from the northern city of [[Anah]] to [[Basra]], including the southern outskirts of [[Baghdad]] and all cities along both sides of the [[Euphrates|Euphrates River]], controlling all cultivatable land and tribal forces in their territory.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nieuwenhuis |first=Tom |title=Politics and Society in Early Modern Iraq: Mamlūk Pashas, Tribal Shayks and Local Rule Between 1902 and 1831 |date=1982 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=90-247-2347-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Güngörürler |first=Selim |title=Diplomacy and Political Relations Between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran, 1639–1722 |date=2016 |publisher=Georgetown University |pages=373}}</ref> The [[Emir]]s of Khaza'il were known for their fierce armed resistance to Ottoman imperial authority lasting several centuries, vast land ownership, and their immense wealth established through the creation of [[Silk Road]] taxation mechanisms and agricultural monopoly.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernea |first=Robert |title=Irrigation and Social Organization Among the El Shabana; A Group of Tribal Cultivators in Southern Iraq |date=1959 |publisher=University of Chicago}}</ref> They are also known for establishing the dominance of [[Shia Islam|Shiism]] in [[Mesopotamia]] and ending 383 years of Ottoman Empire rule in Iraq.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Husain |first=Faisal |title=The Tigris–Euphrates Basin Under Early Modern Ottoman Rule, c. 1534–1830 |date=2018 |publisher=Georgetown University |location=Washington D.C.}}</ref>